Review Aguilar pt1

• Anatomical position


  A human being is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and palms forward
• Anterior or ventral

  Means "front" or "in front of"
• Anterior

  • The knees are located on the anterior surface of the human body
  • A ventral hernia may protrude from the front or belly of the abdomen
• Posterior or dorsal

  Means "back" or "in back of"
• Posterior

  • Human shoulder blades are found on the posterior surface of the body
• Abdominopelvic Cavity: 

  o Epigastric 

  ▪ Upper region of the abdominal cavity, located just below the sternum. 

  o Umbilical 

  ▪ Area located around the navel (umbilicus); the right and left lumbar region. 

  o Hypogastric 

  ▪ Lower region of the abdominal area. 

  ● Smaller Cavities: 

  o Orbital cavity 

  ▪ Contains the eye and its external structures. 

  o Nasal cavity 

  ▪ One of the pairs of cavities between the anterior nares and the nasopharynx. 

  o Oral (buccal) cavity 

  ▪ Encloses the teeth and tongue
• Cephalic

  Means "skull" or "head end" of the body
• Caudal

  Means "tail end"
• Medial


  "Toward the midline or median plane of the body"
• Lateral

  "Away" or "toward the side of the body"
• Proximal


  "Towards the point of attachment to the body" or "toward the trunk of the body"
• Distal


  "Away from the point of attachment or origin" or "farthest from the trunk"
• Superficial or external

  "On or near the surface of the body"
• Deep or internal

  Involves damage to an internal organ
• Planes


  Imaginary anatomical dividing lines that are useful for separating body structures
• Section

  A cut made in a certain direction of a certain plane
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into left and right parts
• Midsagittal plane


  The plane starts in the middle of the skull, proceeds down, bisects the sternum and vertebral column, the body would be divided equally into right and left halves
• Coronal (frontal) plane


  A vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Transverse (cross section)


  A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower portions
• Dorsal cavity


  Posterior cavity of the body that houses the brain and spinal column
• Cranial cavity


  Area of the body containing the brain
• Spinal cavity


  Area of the body containing the spinal cord
• Thoracic cavity


  Area of the body divided into 2 cavities: the left pleural cavity contains the left lung and the right pleural cavity contains the right lung
• Abdominopelvic cavity


  Area below the diaphragm, with no separation between the abdomen and pelvis
• Abdominal cavity


  Area of the body that contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine
• Pelvic cavity


  Area of the body containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of large intestine, and appendix
• Epigastric


  Upper region of the abdominal cavity, located just below the sternum
• Umbilical


  Area located around the navel (umbilicus); the right and left lumbar region
• Hypogastric


  Lower region of the abdominal area
• Orbital cavity


  Contains the eye and its external structures
• Nasal cavity


  One of the pairs of cavities between the anterior nares and the nasopharynx
• Oral (buccal) cavity


  Encloses the teeth and tongue
• Cells


  The basic unit of structure and function of all living things
• Tissues


  Special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure
• Organs


  Tissues, in turn, form larger functional and structural units
• Organ system


  Organs that are grouped together because more than one is needed to perform a function
• Cell membrane


  • Cilia - short, hair-like protrusions that move material across the cell's surface
  • Flagella - single, tail-like protrusion that allow the cell to move throughout the environment (sperm cell)
• Cytoplasm


  Aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by the cell membrane
• Organelles


  • Ribosomes - attach to the endoplasmic reticulum and floating in the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis
  • Endoplasmic reticulum - transport system of a cell; can be smooth or rough
  • Mitochondria - supplies energy to the cell
  • Lysosomes - contains digestive enzymes; cleans up debris inside the cell
  • Golgi apparatus - stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell
  • Cytoskeleton - internal framework of the cell; consists of microtubules and microfilaments
  • Nucleoplasm - cytoplasm inside the nucleus
  • Chromosomes - contains nuclear material that determine hereditary characteristics; found inside the nucleus