[OLD] Physical Education

• Major bones

  • Cranium
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Pelvis
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support
  • Posture
  • Blood cell production
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Mineral Storage
• Synovial joints


  Articulating bones - Bones that move relative to each other at a joint / two or more bones that meet at a joint

  
• Types of synovial joints

  • Hinge
  • Ball and socket
• Articulating bones for hinge joints

  • Knee: Femur, Tibia
  • Elbow: Humerus, Radius, Ulna
• Articulating bones for ball and socket joints

  • Shoulder: Humerus, Scapula
  • Hip: Pelvis, Femur
• Types of movement at hinge joints

  • Flexion
  • Extension
• Types of movement at ball and socket joints

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
• Ligament


  A short band of tough and flexible tissue connecting bone to bone to stabilise the joint

  
• Cartilage


  A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
• Tendon


  A tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue which joins muscle to bone
• Major muscle groups


  • Deltoid
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Pectorals
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Abdominals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gluteals
  • Gastrocnemius

  
• Antagonistic muscle action


  A pair of muscles that work together to produce movement with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes
• Types of muscle movement

  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Fixator
• Levers


  Rigid structures (bones) with a force (muscle), a fulcrum (joint) and a load (resistance) that allow efficiency and force to be applied in body movement
• Lever systems


  • 1st class
  • 2nd class
  • 3rd class

  
• Mechanical advantage


  The ability of a lever to move a large load with a small effort. Calculated as: effort arm ÷ resistance arm
• Planes of movement


  • Frontal
  • Transverse
  • Sagittal
• Axes of rotation

  • Frontal
  • Transverse
  • Longitudinal
• Components of the double circulatory system

  • Systemic
  • Pulmonary
• Blood vessels


  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
• The heart contains four chambers, left and right atrium and left and right ventricles
• Major blood vessels


  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Vena Cava
  • Pulmonary Vein
• Heart rate

  Number of heart beats per minute (BPM)
• Stroke volume


  The volume of blood ejected from the heart (left ventricle) per beat (ml)

  
• Cardiac output


  The volume of blood ejected from the heart (left ventricle) each minute (l/min). Calculated as: Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

  
• Components of blood


  • Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
  • White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
  • Plasma
• Respiratory muscles in breathing

  • Inspiration: Intercostal muscles, Diaphragm
  • Expiration: Intercostal muscles, Diaphragm
• Breathing frequency


  The number of inspirations or expirations each minute (breaths/min)
• Tidal volume


  The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (ml)
• Minute ventilation


  The volume of air inspired or expired each minute (l/min)
• Diffusion


  Movement of gases across a membrane from an area of high to low concentration
• Aerobic and anaerobic exercise

  • Aerobic exercise
  • Anaerobic exercise
• Lactic acid


  A by-product produced during anaerobic exercise in the absence of oxygen
• Respiratory rate


  Number of inspirations or expirations each minute (breaths/min)
• Aerobic exercise


  • Use of oxygen for the duration of exercise
  • Sustained over time
  • With oxygen
  • Low to moderate intensity
  • Long duration
  • Carbon dioxide and water are by-products
• Aerobic exercise


  Exercise which uses oxygen
• Anaerobic exercise


  • Exercise which does not allow for the use of oxygen
  • Maximal, high intensity
  • Without oxygen
  • Short duration
  • Lactic acid is a by-product
• Anaerobic exercise


  Exercise which does not use oxygen
• Lactic acid


  Formed in the working muscles with the absence of oxygen, causes muscle pain and fatigue