Pt. 2 History

• Segregation


  The practice of requiring separate housing, education and other services for people of colour or other ethnic or religious minorities
• Segregation in the United States

  • Splitting water fountains - Coloured vs White
  • Jim Crow Laws - Racial segregation laws in US, 1877-1965 (Segregated schools, parks, libraries, restrooms, buses, trains and restaurants)- denoted by "Whites Only" signs
• Segregation in Canada


  • No. 2 Construction battalion - A Black-Canadian non-combat battalion
  • "Indian" Residential Schools
  • Chinese Exclusion (Could not enter stores at specific hours, Chinese Exclusion Act until 1947)
• De-facto segregation


  Segregation in reality or practice, not by law
• De-facto segregation in Canada

  • Viola Desmond (1946) & Charles Daniels (1914)
  • Residential segregation and "Red-lining" in Ontario
• Viola Desmond was arrested for "Not paying theatre tax" and went her lifetime unpardoned until death
• Charles Daniels was denied entry to a theatre after purchasing a ticket, without valid reason
• Neighbourhoods in cities like Hamilton wrote zoning codes to prevent minorities from owning homes
• House deeds stated "None of the lands shall be used or occuped by "RACES" (Blacks, Asians, Russians, Serbs)
• Segregation of Black Canadians in the 20th century

  • Refused entrance from theatres, etc. (Many sued over these issues)
  • Segregated in schools (In different buildings and had less luxuries)
  • Separated in the army (There were different groups for black people, weren't allowed to be in combat)
  • Many associations were created to fight for equal treatment (They didn't have equal rights and struggled to find acceptance)
• National Unity Association (NUA)

  Organized by Hugh Burnett to combat racism in Ontario, particularly in Dresden
• The NUA's activism lead to the Fair Employment Practices Act in 1951 - forbids discrimination in employment
• Leonard Braithwaite


  First black Canadian elected to a provincial legislature, served as an Ontario liberal From 63-75, spoke out against the Separate Schools Act
• Lincoln Alexander


  First Black Canadian member of Parliament, served in WW2, voted for Liberal ideas like abolishing capital punishment, made minister of labour in 1979
• Canadian Negro Women's Association


  Founded in 1951 by Kay Livingstone, goal was to spread awareness of Black culture throughout Canada, organized Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. coming to Holy Blossom Temple on Bathurst St. in Toronto
• Africville, Nova Scotia


  First recorded Black community in Africville was in 1848, lasted 120 years before being destroyed, close knit community with a church as a communal area
• Undesirable developments were created in Africville (Prison, dump, infectious disease hospital)
• Black Action Defense Committee


  Created in response to several police shootings of Black men in Toronto in the 60s and 70s, goal was to hold the Toronto police accountable and end practice of having the police investigate accusations of police misconduct, lead to creation of Ontario's Special Investigations Unit
• After the Sir George Williams Affair, various organizations were established to defend the rights of Black people in Montreal
• Canada's Social Safety Net


  Free medical care, Canadian Pension plan, Parental Leave, Support for Canadians with disabilities
• Factors leading Canada to start building a strong social safety net in the 1950s-60s


  Suffering during The Great Depression, Sacrifices of WW2, Canada signs the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, Britain was taking big steps in creating a social safety net for all its citizens following WW2 (Called "The Welfare State")
• Universal Health Care


  All people have equal access to medical care, every citizen can see a doctor (If not a family doctor now), receive health care paid by Gov., supported by taxes, doesn't matter where they live in country or how much money they have
• Tommy Douglas


  The "Father" of Canadian Healthcare, regularly voted Canada's "Greatest Canadian", suffered from Osteomyelitis (Bone infection) and received free charity surgery, hated how Canada's poor could suffer and die for a lack of healthcare, witnessed the 1919 General Strike in Winnipeg, Christian Minister, Politician, Premier of Saskatchewan
• The CCF Party (Cooperative Commonwealth Federation)


  Now NDP, est. 1932 in Calgary, formed during Canada's tough economic time - Great Depression, farmers + labour groups + socialist groups, formed gov. in Saskatchewan with Tommy Douglas as Premier in 1944, the first socialist gov. In N.A., many of its ideas have since been adopted by Liberal and Conservative parties of Canada
• CCF Party Aims


  Create a mixed public/private economy through the nationalization of key industries, establish a welfare state with universal pensions; health insurance; family allowances; employment insurance; worker's compensation
• People viewed the CCF Party as a path to communism
• Socialism


  Socialists want both economic and social equality and a big gov. to enforce it, an American import
• "Mouseland"


  A lesson taught by Tommy Douglas in 1944, about mice voting for cats (similar to Canada's system where different groups like Liberals and Conservatives are voted for, but they don't truly represent the lower end people)
• The CCF Party in Saskatchewan


  Created Sask. Power Corporation, created Sask. Gov. Insurance (Public car insurance), passes Saskatchewan Bill of Rights in 1947, allowed the unions for public servants, passed medicare for Saskatchewan residents in 1962
• Saskatchewan's Doctors' Strike, 1962

  July 1, 1962, Sask. doctors went on strike to protest the plan to introduce universal health care, feared they would lose their personal freedom, to choose clients or would not be paid enough, did not want to be government employees
• The Great Darkness


  1930-50s - Quebec is trying to stay the same and avoid modernization, French works earn 40% of the wages of English workers, traditional Catholic-run education vs modern schooling and colleges else where in Canada, US, Anglo-Canadian corporations invited to invest and dominate Quebec industries, French Quebecers felt like second citizens in their province
• The Quiet Revolution


  Beginning of independence movement for les Quebecois, radicalized separatist groups want bigger changes for Quebec - Begin to arm them selves
• Federalism


  "Quebec is 1 province that is part of a larger Canadian family"
• Nationalism


  "Quebec is a part of Canada but its distinct culture and language should be protected"
• Separatism


  "Quebec's history and distinct culture make separating from Canada, and forming a new country, the only possibility"
• Thoughts on separatism start at WW1 because of conscription
• The Gordon Affair (1962)


  Discrimination against francophones in the workplace and in promotions hits boiling point, CEO of CN rail denies there are "qualified" French speakers for senior management, created outrage, led to a call for Royal commission on the status of French-Canadians in Canada to look for inequalities between English and French
• The FLQ (Le Front de la Libération du Québec)


  Québec Liberation Front, engaged in theft
• October Crisis


  Terrorism appears in Quebec
• to arm them selves