biomechanics

• Newton's 1st Law


  Law of inertia

  An object remains in the same state of motion unless a resultant or unbalanced force acts on it
• Newton's 1st Law Sporting Example

  Football doesn't move until it's kicked
• Newton's 2nd Law


  Law of reaction

  The greater a force applied to an object the greater the acceleration of the object
• Newton's 2nd Law Sporting Example


  The harder a football is kicked, the faster it will move towards it's intended destination
• Newton's 3rd Law

  Law of reaction

  Every force has an equal and opposite reaction
• Newton's 3rd Law Sporting Examples

  Higher force exerted into the ground when performing a jump in basketball resulted in a higher jump
• Net Force


  The balance of vertical forces pushing a body up and pulling it down

  Also balance of horizontal forces pulling back and pushing forward
• Balanced Force


  If the net force is 0, there will be no change in movement as all forces are balanced
• Unbalanced Force


  If net force is either positive or negative then movement will occur and is unbalanced
• Weight


  Weight= mass x gravitational acceleration
• Reaction


  If reaction is equal to weight then there is no upwards movement
• Factors Affecting Friction


  Nature of area

  Weight of the bodies

  Area of contact
• Nature of area


  Smoother surfaces will have less friction than rough surfaces
• Weight of the bodies

  The heavier the body is the greater the friction
• Area of contact


  The greater the area of contact the greater the friction
• Factors affecting air resistance 2

  Velocity

  Shape

  Frontal cross sectional area

  Smoothness of surface
• Velocity


  By increasing velocity, air resistance increases
• Shape


  The more aerodynamic the shape, the lower the air resistance
• Frontal cross sectional area

  By decreasing the frontal cross sectional area, air resistance decreases
• Smoothness of surface

  By increasing the smoothness of the surface, air resistance decreases
• Centre of Mass


  Factors affecting the position of the centre of mass
• FLE

  Fulcrum

  Load

  Effort
• Fulcrum


  The base/joint
• Effort


  The working muscle
• Load


  What's weighing down
• Effort Arm


  The distance between the effort to the fulcrum
• Load arm


  Distance between the load and the fulcrum
• Mechanical Advantage


  When the effort is greater than the load

  2nd class lever system
• Mechanical Disadvantage


  Where the load is greater than the effort

  3rd class lever system
• Limb Kinetics


  The study of movement in relation to time and space. It allows joint and limb efficiency to be evaluated with measurements of bone geometry
• Limb Kinetics in Sports


  Can be used to adjust technique and improve performance
• Limb Kinetics Disadvantage


  Accuracy and repeatability rely largely on the placement of bodily markers
• Factors affecting force


  Size

  Direction
• Force plate advantages


  Reliable and Immediate results
• Force Plate Sporting Example

  Sprinter running over the plate
• Force Plates


  They measure ground reaction forces and can be used to assess the size and direction of forces
• How force plate data is displayed

  An electrical output proportional to the force being applied is displayed in graphical form in a computer
• Wind tunnels


  It's aim is to improve the flow of air around an object, increasing or decreasing drag
• What wind tunnels measure


  It measures forces produced by the air against the surface
• linear motion


  movement of a body in a straight line and all parts move the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time