CESHOP

• Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete blocks, or other similar materials.
• Romans introduced the use of mortar
• 2,600 B.C - cut stones were used on a wide scale construction of temples and monuments (e.g. Pyramids of Egypt)
• MASONRY BUILDING MATERIALS:

  1. Stone
  2. Concrete Blocks
  3. Tiles 
  4. Terra cotta
  5. Adobe Stone
• CLASSIFICATION OF STONEWORK:

  1. Ashlar
  2. Rubble
• Ashlar - consists of carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.
• Alternate Course Ashlar - the installation of masonry blocks was arranged in alternate thin and thick courses.
• Broken or Random Ashlar - stones of various sizes are used to make courses that are not continuous for the whole length of the wall.
• Rubble - consists of irregular stones with good face for the wall surface. The gaps between stones are filled with small or broken stones and cement mortar.
• Course Rubble made with roughly squared blocks leveled up to 30 to 45 cm thick courses.
• Bricks - are manufactured from clays and other materials processed into a workable consistency molded to sizes and fired in a kiln to make them strong, durable, and attractive.
• CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS:

  1. Common Bricks 
  2. Face Bricks
  3. Calcium Silicate Bricks
• Common Bricks are made from clay called ordinary commercial bricks.
• Face Bricks - are made from clay material used on exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and other architectural applications where the size, color, and texture of bricks are given special importance. 
• Calcium Silicate Bricks - made from clay or non-clay materials with alumina and silica used in furnace construction where temperature resistance as high as 178 degrees celsius is required.
• TWO MAJOR KINDS OF NON-CLAY REFRACTORY BRICKS:

  1. Magnesia Brick
  2. Chrome Brick
• CHIEFLY USED IN:

  1. Steel making furnace
  2. Glass melting furnace
  3. Industrial furnace
• OTHER NON-CLAY MATERIALS:

  1. Silica 
  2. Alumina
  3. Zircon
  4. Bauxite
  5. Zirconia
  6. Silicon carbide
  7. Dolomite
• TYPES OF BRICK JOINTS

  1. Struck
  2. Concave
  3. Flush
  4. Flush and Rudded
  5. Stripped
  6. Weathered 
  7. V-Shaped
  8. Beaded
  9. Raked
• VARIOUS BRICK POSITION

  1. Stretcher 
  2. Header
  3. Soldier
  4. Shiner
  5. Rowlock
  6. Sailor
• Brick Laying - bricks are laid in horizontal or vertical (guided by plumb line) layers using a string or nylon chord as guide. The mortar is placed in between the layers of brick to a thickness of about 3 to 10 mm depending upon the plan. When a brick is laid it is pressed lightly down into a generous mortar bed and shoved into final position
• Bond - the arrangement of bricks
• Stretcher - when the bricks are laid with its longer side exposed to view.
• Header when the bricks are laid with its end exposed.
• MORTAR MIXTURE

  1. Water
  2. Cement
  3. Sand
• PLASTER MIXTURE

  1. Water
  2. Cement
  3. Lime 
  4. Sand
• Concrete Hollow Block - also called CHB, it is the most widely used masonry material for all types of construction. It is a building module resembling large bricks that are molded from sand and cement.
• CEMENT - the bonding agent of rock materials called aggregates which acts as fillers.
• Hydraulic Cement - a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance that is resistant to disintegration in water. Most hydraulic cement has specific combinations of silicate and aluminates of lime.
• Portland Cement - a type of hydraulic cement, widely used in various small and large constructions including roads and highways. Introduced by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 and produced by David Saylor in 1876.
• FIVE TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

  1. Type I
  2. Type II
  3. Type III
  4. Type IV
  5. Pozzalan Cement
• Type I used in general construction where special properties are specified.
• Type II - for general concrete construction exposed to moderate sulfate action or where moderate heat of hydration is required.
• Type III used where high early strength is necessary.
• Type IV - specified when high sulfate resistance is required.
• Pozzolan Cement - an amorphous silica that hardens as a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the presence of water. Derived from Pozzuoli, an Italian town where Pozzolana a composition of glassy tuff was found.
• Admixture - a material other than water, aggregate, or cement used as an ingredient in concrete added to the batch immediately before or after mixing.
• The Air-entertaining Admixtures improve the durability of concrete in entertaining billions of microscopic air bubbles distributed throughout the matrix of the concrete.
• Aggregates are inert materials when bound together into a conglomerated mass by Portland cement and water form concrete, mortar, or plaster. The aggregates component is about 75% of the total mass of concrete.
• TWO CATEGORIES OF AGGREGATES:

  1. Course Aggregate
  2. Fine Aggregate or Sand