Organic chemistry

• Possible identities of salt X

  • Sodium iodide
  • Sodium bromide
  • Zinc nitrate
  • Sodium chloride
• Lead (II) chloride precipitate is white, is sparingly soluble in cold water but completely dissolved in hot water
• Lead (I) iodide is yellow, Lead (I) bromide is moderately soluble in hot water and no visible reaction between lead nitrate and zinc nitrate
• All the sulphides of these metal ions are soluble in acid medium EXCEPT copper (II)
• Polar covalent bond


  Bond formed when there is separation of electric charge in a covalent bond involving a shift of electrons toward the more electronegative atom
• Examples of sp hybridisation

  • Acetylene
  • Boron trifluoride
  • Beryllium chloride
  • Carbon dioxide
• Dimerization of gaseous and liquid acetic acid

  Caused by hydrogen bonding
• Acetic acid


  Has the COOH functional group
• Dimerization of acetic acid

  1. Bonding of the hydrogen of the OH-end of one acetic molecule to the -CO end of another acetic molecule

  2. This bonding is called H-bonding (hydrogen banding)
• The molecule of water is H2O, and hydrogen is removed from this molecule by the process known as electrolysis of water
• At the negatively charged electrode (cathode), electron is given to the H+ ion, causing it to be reduced with the generation of hydrogen gas
• At the positively charged electrode (anode), electron is taking from the O, causing the ion to be oxidized with the formation of oxygen gas
• Atomic and oxy-hydrogen torches

  • Can generate up to a temperature of 4000°C
  • Ideal for cutting and welding of metals
  • Work by dissociation of dihydrogen with the help of an electric arc to generate atomic hydrogen atoms, with the release of huge amount of energy
• Alkaline Earth metals


  Reaction with water produces hydroxides and hydrogen
• Order of increasing conductivities of the Alkali metals in aqueous solution


  • Li+<Na+<K+<Cs+<Rb+
• The element of group VII with the highest electron affinity is
• Interhalogens compounds


  Compounds with two halogens bonded together such as chlorine monofluoride (ClF) bromine trifluoride (BrF3)
• Interhalogens are more polar than the halogens
• Interhalogens are more reactive than the halogens
• Interhalogens are binary compounds of two different halogen atoms
• Decreasing order of acid character of oxy acids

  • HCIO
  • HCIO2
  • HCIO3
  • HCIO4
• The listed halogens Cl, I and Br does not exist in +7 oxidation state is Br
• Bromine doesn't have +7 oxidation number
• Fluorine doesn't have higher oxidation
• To test for nonpolarity check if it's symmetrical, same direction (polar), lone pair is present distorts
• Functional group is a part of molecules where most of reaction occurs
• Alcohols are polar because they contain OH bond which has partial negative charge on oxygen atom and partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms.
• Esters are polar because they contain C=O double bond with partial negative charge on oxygen atom and partial positive charge on carbon atom.
• Chemically a functional group behaves the same way in every part of the molecules it belongs to
• Alkanes are generally unreactive because they have single carbon to carbon bonds.

  They don't have functional group
• There are 4 type of organic reaction

  Addition

  Elimination

  Substitution

  Rearrangement
• Unsaturated compound is a requirement for addition reaction as it is more reactive than saturated compound
• Addition reaction is when two reactants acts together to form one product with no left over reactants
• Elimination reaction is important for the preparation of compound with multiple bond
• In substitution reaction, one functional group is replaced by another functional group.
• Molecular formulas doesn't reveal the actual linkage of atoms in a compound.
• Isomerism as a process where two compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
• A structural formula can be represented in

  Dash structural formula

  condensed structural formula bond the line formula

  Three dimensional formula
• Dash structural formula involves drawing the chain of atom in a straight line and often the lone pair of electron are omitted
• Dash structural formula doesn't show the actual shape of the molecules