Chapter 12 Intelligence n testing

• standardization sample


  a group of people who represent the entire population
• norms


  standards of performance. eg. for IQ tests, it is usually the average of the age group
• The Flynn Effect


  How people's IQ scores rise over time (generational). supports the need to restandardize IQ tests because the data indicates that the population has become smarter of the past years
• test-retest method


  method of calculating reliability of test by repeating it two or more times. Tests that are perfectly reliable have a reliability coefficient of one.
• validity


  extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure
• projective tests


  test where ambiguous stimuli, open to interpretation, are presented. Usually used by followers of the psychoanalytic view of personality. Major criticism is that the assessment of the responses can be too subjective
• inventory-type tests


  test where participants answer a standard series of questions
• Rorschach Inkblot Test


  projective test. sequence of 10 inkblots, each of which the participant is asked to observe and then characterize. Different aspects of the participant's descriptions, such as form and movement of objects, are scored to yield an evaluation of the individual's personality
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)


  projective test. series of pictures of people in ambiguous relationships with other people are presented, and participant is asked to generate a story to accompany each picture. The story includes both what led up to the scene in the picture and what will occur next. To make judgements about participant's personality
• Power tests


  extremely difficult tests in which it is unlikely that a person could answer all the questions correctly
• speed tests


  very easy, but the test is timed, making completion difficult
• Achievement tests


  assess knowledge gained, such as the AP exams
• aptitude test


  evaluates person's abilities, in contrast to achievement tests
• Francis Galton


  Before IQ tests, he attempted to measure intelligence by means of reaction time tests. This reflects the notion that speed of processing is an essential component of intelligence.
• Alfred Binet


  first to measure children's intelligence for the French government. He measured the "mental ages" of school-age children so that the children needing extra help could be placed in special classrooms
• Lewis Terman


  modified Alfred Binet's test to create the Stanford-Binet Test.
• Stanford-Binet Test


  first widely administered intelligence test during WW1, when the US army used it to rank recruits.
• IQ


  intelligence quotient. mental age / chronological age x 100. Normal distribution with a mean, mode, median of 100. standard deviation is 15 or 16.
• Most common intelligence tests given to children today are...

  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
• Whats the adult version of WISC-IV

  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• WAIS and WISC-IV


  generally 6 types of questions: information, comprehension, arithmetic, similarities, vocabulary, and digit span questions in which subjects are asked to hold information in short-term memory. This reflects the idea that IQ tests tend to have a combination of abstract and verbal measures
• Charles Spearman


  proposed that there was a general intelligence (g factor) that was the basis of all other intelligence. used factor analysis
• factor analysis


  a statistical measure for analyzing test data
• s factor


  breakdown of g factor into a specific component, such as ability to process math equations
• Robert Sternberg


  propose that intelligence could be more broadly defined as having three major components: analytical, practical, and creative intelligence
• Louis Thurstone


  said that we need to think of intelligence more broadly because intelligence can come in many different forms
• Howard Gardner


  identified the following types of intelligence: verbal, mathematical, as well as musical, spatial, kinesthetic, environmental, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
• Which of Howard Gardner's types of intelligence is measured by IQ tests

  verbal and mathematical
• what is interpersonal intelligence


  The ability to understand and interact effectively with others
• what is intrapersonal intelligence


  the ability to understand oneself
• David Goleman


  has done work on the importance of emotional intelligence, and has created programs for enhancing one's emotional intelligence
• what is emotional intelligence


  being able to recognize people's intents and motivations
• fluid intelligence


  ability to process information quickly and to solve new problems. likely to have earlier and more pronounced decay with aging than crystallized intelligence
• crystallized intelligence


  accumulated knowledge
• heritability coefficient


  ranges from 0 to 1. rough measure of the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genetic effects
• Most psychologists believe that the true heritability quotient for IQ is

  about 0.5
• To be classified as intellectually disabled,

  person must have low IQ of 50-70 (mild) to IQ lower than 25 (profound). Also, must show a low level of adaptive competence, or the ability to get along in the world
• Savant syndrome


  rare phenomenon in which individuals with low IQ scores display certain specific skills at a very high aptitude. eg. memory, rapid mathematical calculations, ability to play a piece of music having just heard it once
• psychometrics


  psychological testing
• stereotype threat


  occurs when a message is sent, intentionally or unintentionally, to a group of people that their group tends to perform below average on a given measure. Results in poorer performance (or maybe better performance).