7.1

• industry - the process of using machines and large scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods
• cottage industries - small homes based business that produce goods
• industrial revolution - a series of technological advances that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries
• Since people burned wood and coal to heat their homes and run factories, air pollution increased to harmful, even deadly, levels
• Industrialization changed the class structure of society significantly
• A tiny elite class of people were wealthy landowners or church leaders
• deindustrialization - process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs
• rust belts - regions with large numbers of closed factories and mines, which have been abandoned
• Factors investors originally considered when choosing where to build a factory


  • Energy resources to provide power, such as rivers or coal deposits
  • Minerals or agricultural products needed for producing goods
  • Transportation routes, such as roads, rivers, canals, and ports
• As new forms of transportation and electricity were developed during the 19th century

  Industries became less dependent on the location of local coal supplies and companies could build factories in more diverse locations
• Industrialization changed the class structure of society significantly
• Class structure before industrialization

  • Tiny elite class of wealthy landowners or church leaders
  • Small class of merchants, clergy, and others who relied more on their knowledge than on their physical skills
  • Majority of people sometimes in a craft
• With industrialization, the middle class expanded rapidly
• Roles needed by industry


  • Factory managers
  • Accountants
  • Lawyers
  • Clerks
  • Secretaries
• The urban working class who were employed in factories had hard and dangerous jobs, lived in crowded conditions in polluted areas, and often could not afford to purchase the products they made
• People in the expanding urban middle class had more comfortable lives and enough income to purchase the low-cost manufactured goods
• The Industrial Revolution


  Built on the earlier rise of imperialism
• Resources sought by industrialized countries


  • Raw materials such as sugar, cotton, foodstuffs, lumber, and minerals for use in mills and factories
  • Labor to extract raw materials
  • Markets where manufacturers could sell finished products
  • Ports where trading ships could stop to get resupplied
  • Capital from profits for investing in new factories, canals, and railroads
• The development of imperialism

  Made wealthy countries even wealthier, leading to a greater divide between the advanced, industrialized states and the underdeveloped, nonindustrialized states