Alkyl Halides

• Alkyl Halide - An organic compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (C-X)
• Alkyl Halide can contain many C-X bonds
• Properties and some uses of Alkyl Halides

  • Fire-resistant solvents
  • Refrigerants
  • Pharmaceuticals and precursors
• Reactions involving organohalides are less frequently encountered than other organic compounds, but reactions such as necleophilic substitutions or eliminations that they undergo will be encountered
• Naming Alkyl Halide

  A) 5-Bromo-2,4-dimethylheptane

  
• namig

  A) 2-Bromo-4,5-dimethylheptane

  
• naming

  A) 2-Bromo-5-methylhexane

  
• Structure of Alkyl Halides

  C-X bond is longer as you go down periodic table (length)
• Structure of Alkyl Halides

  C-X bond is weaker as you go down periodic table (strength)
• Structure of Alkyl Halides

  C-X bond is polarized with slight positive on carbon and slight negative on halogen
• Alkyl halide from addition of HCl, HBr, HI to alkene to give Markovnikov product
• alkyl dihalide from anti addition of bromine or chlorine
• Alkane + Cl2 or Br2, heat or light replaces C-H with C-X but gives mixtures. This is via free radical mechanism
• Radical Halogenation of Alkanes - If there is more than one type of hydrogen in an alkane, reactions favor replacing the hydrogen at the most highly substituted carbons
• Relative reactivity - estimated based on quantitative analysis of reaction products
• reactions distinction is more selective with bromine than chlorine
• Markovnikov's Rule - “Hydrogen is added to the carbon with the most hydrogens and the halide is added to the carbon with the least hydrogens”.
• Reaction of tertiary C-OH with HX is fast and effective
• Primary and secondary alcohols react very slowly and often rearrange so alternative methods are used
• grignard d