nervous system

• Define integrating= understanding what's happening
• define coordinating= acting based on stimuli
• What 2 gross structures does the CNS consist of?

  the brain and the spinal cord
• what two gross structures does the PNS consist of?

  peripheral nerves and ganglia
• what are neurons specialised for?

  the transmission of information
• what is the order of events in the neuron when receiving and transmitting a signal?

  input, summation, conduction, output
• what happens at the input zone?

  dendrites and cell body receive chemical signals from other neurons
• what happens at the summation zone?

  the axon hillock sums up inputs
• what happens at the conduction zone?

  axon carries electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord, or from peripheral sensory receptors and to effector cells.
• what happens at the output zone?

  axon terminal contact with dendrites/cell body of other neurons or effectors and release neurotransmitter/chemical signal
• what is the process of a synapse?

  neurotransmitter is released from axon terminal in synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic neuron, vesicles enter the post synaptic neuron and release neurotransmitters which enter the axon hillock.
• what is informtaion that goes into the brain called?

  afferent
• what is information that comes out of the brain called?

  efferent
• what are the 2 types of information that travel through the nervous system called?

  somaticsensory, and autonomic/involuntary
• what 2 divisions make up the autonomic nervous system?

  sympathetic and parasympathetic
• what is the anatomy of the upper motor neuron?

  Cell body in brain, myelinated axon in spinal cord
• what is the anatomy of the lower motor neuron?

  cell body in spinal cord, myelinated axon in spinal nerve
• post synaptic cels can also be what?

  muscle cells
• what are the two neurotransmitters?


  Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)
• what are 4 types of effectors in the autonomic nervous system?

  smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue
• Structural differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

  sympathetic 2nd preganglionic neuron has a short axon releases ACh, close to CNS, postganglionic neuron has a long axon and releases NE at effector.

  parasympathetic 2nd preganglionic neuron has a long axon releases ACh, distant from CNS and post ganglionic neuron has a short axon and releases NE at effector
• in the autonomic nervous system, how many neurons are there between the brain and effector?

  3
• what is the structure of the first neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

  cell body in brain, axon in brain or spinal cord
• what is the structure of the second neuron in the autonomic nervous system?

  cell body in brain or spinal cord, axon in PNS
• what is the structure of the third neuron in the autonomic nervous system?


  cell body in PNS and axon in PNS
• what is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

  prepares the body for acute responses
• what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  prepares the body for restful situations
• what are 6 effects of the sypathetic nervous system?

  increased heart rate, constriction of blood vessels to skin, gastric motility, salivation, pupil size, sweating
• what are 4 effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  decreased heart rate, gastric motility, pupil size, salivation
• which neurotransmitter is released to effector in the sympathetic nervous system?


  NE
• what neurotransmitter is released to effector in parasympathetic nervous system?

  ACh
• what are the 3 types of gated ion channels?

  chemically, voltage, and mechanically
• what is the stmulus for chemically gated ion channels?

  chemical neurotransmitter binding to ion channel
• what is the stimulus for voltage-gated ion channels?

  membrane depolarizes to threshold voltage -60mV
• what is the stimulus for mechanically-gated ion channels?

  deformation of the membrane
• what causes chemically-gated ion channels to close?

  unbinding of neurotransmitter
• what causes voltage-gated ion channels to close?

  membrane threshold changes
• what causes mechanically-gated ion channels to close?


  when membrane reforms to original shape
• where are chemically gated channels on a neuron?

  dendrites and cell body
• where are voltage-channels on a neuron?

  axon hillock, axon, and axon terminals.