haematology

• average blood volume

  5-6 L in makes, 4-5 in females
• temperature of blood is 38
• cellular portion of blood

  red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• fluid portion of blood

  water (92%), proteins (6%), other solutes (2%)
• elevated enzyme levels (ALT and AST) are indicative of inflamed or injured liver cells
• elevated troponins are indicative of damage to heart muscles
• high cholesterol leads to fatty deposits in arteries
• creatinine is usually excreted in the urine and increased levels in blood are indicative of kidney disease
• the higher an individuals PSA level, the higher the likelyhood of developing prostate cancer
• haemoglobin is made up of globin and heme and forms 1/3 of the RBC weight
• haemolytic sick cell anaemia

  single amino acid change leads to ordered stacking of haemoglobin in deoxygenated blood
• thalasaemia haemolytic anemia

  genetic diseases resulting in decreased haemoglobin levels and haemolysis
• pernicious is caused by vitamin b12 deficiency
• polycythaemia

  overproduction of red blood cells, increasing blood viscosity, caused by primary or secondary polycythaemia
• primary polycythaemia

  inherent problems in red blood cell production
• secondary polycythaemia

  as a response to underlying conditions that promote red blood cell production, such as chronic hypoxia or tumours releasing erythropoietin
• erythropoietin

  main regulator of RBC production
• IgM doesnt cross placental barrier
• type AB will have both A and B antigens and no antibodies
• type o will have no antigens and a and b antibodies
• 15% of the population have no RhD antigens
• Rh- can only recieve Rh- blood
• haemostasis steps

  blood vessel damage (reduction of blood flow) , formation of platelet plug, clot development (fibrin)
• coagulation intrinsic pathway

  internal damage to blood vessel
• extrinsic coagulation pathway

  tissue injury, blood clot cascade
• there are 12 clotting factors secreted by the liver and platelets, vitamin K is responsible for this productio
• von willebrand factor

  large glycoprotein synthesised by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, they are essential for platelet actions, and carries and protects factor 8, a deficiency results in blood not clotting properly
• ABL from chromosome 9 joins to chromosome 22, and the BCR from chromosome 22 goes to chromosome 9