Nervous System

• Nervous System


  control the functions of every other system. It communicates with bodily systems in order to coordinate performance and to provide the needs of the body from moment to moment
• The Nervous System is an organized network of nerve tissue in the human body. It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs.
• The Nervous System has 2 main parts:

  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
• Central Nervous System


  • made up of the brain and the spinal cord
  • referred to as "central" because it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism
• Peripheral Nervous System


  • made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
  • consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord; forms the communication network between the CNS and the body parts
• Parts of the Brain

  A) Forebrain

  B) Cerebrum

  C) Hypothalamus

  D) Pituitary Gland

  E) Pons

  F) Medulla

  G) Brain stem

  H) Hindbrain

  I) Cerebellum

  J) Thalamus

  K) Corpus Collosum

  L) Midbrain

  M) Ventricles

  
• Thalamus


  processes information and relays it to the cerebrum
• Hypothalamus


  homoestatic control of most organs
• Parts of Forebrain


  1. Cerebrum
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
• Functions of Hypothalamus


  • temperature regulation
  • circulation regulation
  • sexual function regulation
  • lactation regulation
  • uterine contraction regulation
• Functions of Thalamus


  • responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed
  • identifies disease or sickness
  • diagnoses different sensory information that is being transmitted to the brain including auditory, visual, tactile, and gustatory.
  • directs the sensory information to the different parts and lobes of the cortex
• Cerebrum


  controls the qualities of the mind: personality, intelligence, learning, perception, and emotion
• Cerebral Cortex


  • Frontal Lobe - olfactory bulb and motor cortex
  • Temporal Lobe - processing sounds and memory formation
  • Occipital Lobe - vision
  • Pariental Lobe - processing somatosensation and proprioception
• Olfactory Bulb


  rounded mass of tissue that contains several types of nerve cells that are involved in the sense of smell
• Motor Cortex


  is to generate signals to direct movement of the body
• Somatosensation


  stimuli resulting in the perception of what we describe as touch, pressure, and pain.
• Proprioception


  or kinesthesia, is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action parts of the body.
• Brain stem


  • Medulla oblongata - regulates breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
  • Pons - connects the forebrain with medulla and cerebellum
• Cerebellum


  controls posture and balance
• Spinal cord


  trcats of nerve fibers that allow two-way conduction of nerve impulses
• The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It acts as a conduit for sensory information to travel to the brain and for motor commands to travel from the brain to the muscles.
• The spinal cord has the ability to carry out certain reflex actions without requiring input from the brain.
• Afferent Neurons


  • carry sensory info from receptions in skin/other organs - CNS aka Sensory Neurons
  • cell bodies are located outside the spinal cord
• Efferent Neurons


  • carry motor info from brain - PNS aka Motor Neurons
  • cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
• Autonomic Division


  regulates involuntary body responses: blood vessels
• Somatic Division


  voluntary movement by skeletal muslces
• 3 Main Layers of Meninges


  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
• Dura Mater


  toughest and outermost layers
• Arachnoid Mater


  filled with a intricate "web" of collagen
• Pia Mater


  innermost layer: lines every sulci and gyri of the hemispheres, contours the brainstem, and all the folds of the cerebrum
• 3 Main Functions of Meninges


  1. Protects
  2. blood supply
  3. flow of cerebrospinal fluid
• Peripheral Nervous System


  • a network of nerves spread across the body
  • 43 pairs of nerves - 12 cranial, and 31 spinal nerves
• Cranial Nerve Names


  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
• Olfactory


  nerve type: sensory

  function: smell
• Optic


  nerve type: sensory

  function: vision
• Oculomotor


  nerve type: motor

  function: most eye movement
• Trochlear


  nerve type: motor

  function: moves eye to look at nose
• Trigeminal


  nerve type: both

  function: face sensation, mastication
• Abduces


  nerve type: motor

  function: abducts the eye
• Facial


  nerve type: both

  function: facial expression, taste