Biochemistry

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• Biochemistry


  The branch of biology which explains the biochemical basis of life
• Biochemistry is one of the most important branch of biology
• Biochemistry provides information about all the processes carried out in the living organisms from nucleus, especially DNA for enzyme/ protein synthesis and contributes to the understanding of organisms from construction of body structures to flow of information
• Biochemistry provides information about abnormal mechanisms which lead to diseases. It ultimately open doors to the development of medicines and medical equipment to elucidate these abnormalities.
• The recent concept and technologies of biochemistry enabled us to investigate and understand most challenging and fundamental problems of biology and medicine e.g how does cells find each other to form a complex organ? How does the growth of cells controlled? What are the causes of cancer? What is the mechanism of memory
• Biochemistry is the only branch of science which answer, these questions
• As we know that organisms are made up to tissues and cells while cells are made up of molecules, molecules are chemically bonded atoms means that fundamentally living things or organisms are made up to chemicals which explains the second postulate of cell theory i.e. structure and function of cell are dependent upon their chemical composition.
• It is necessary to study the chemical composition of cell and reactions which carry down in these cells to understand the different structures and metabolisms of an organism.
• All living organisms are structurally composed of cells and living cell contains a living matter called Protoplasm
• Chemically protoplasm contains 70% to 90% of H₂O
• The remaining mass of cell after evaporation of water is called Dry Weight of cell, consisting of many carbon containing long chain molecules called Biomolecules which are the types of organic molecules
• The compounds produced by living organisms are called biomolecules
• Elements involved in the synthesis of biomolecules

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulphur
• Fundamental biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Conjugate biomolecules
• Biomolecules show great variability in their structure and function
• The body has a constant composition of biomolecules as shown in table 1.
• Biomolecules are macromolecules which are polymers of smaller units called monomers
• The three-dimensional structure of proteins is determined by the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
• Ribonucleotides are formed from combining a pentose sugar (ribose) with one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil).
• Tertiary structure results from interactions between side chains, including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonds.
• DNA consists of two strands that wind around each other forming a double helix.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs on ribosomes.
• Primary Structure - The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
• Secondary Structure - Regular folding patterns formed within the polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding between different parts of the same peptide chain
• DNA consists of two strands that wind around each other to form a double helix.
• Tertiary Structure - Three dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain resulting from interactions among its side chains (R groups)
• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), hydrogen atom (H), and variable R groups.
• Peptide bonds link amino acids together through dehydration synthesis reactions.
• Denaturation occurs when the native conformation of a protein is altered due to changes in temperature or pH.
• Protein folding involves the formation of alpha helices, beta sheets, turns, loops, and disulfide bridges.
• Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple protein subunits into a functional unit.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation processes.
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA serves as a template for RNA production.
• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), R group (side chain), and central carbon atom.
• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), R group (side chain), and central carbon atom.
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA serves as a template for RNA production.
• Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar/hydrophobic, polar uncharged, acidic, basic, aromatic, sulfur containing, and amino groups.