Gen Chem

• Chemical Reaction


  A process in which reactants are converted to one or more different substances, called the products
• Chemical Equation


  A chemist's shorthand way of writing chemical reactions using symbols instead of words
• Chemical change


  A chemical reaction takes place
• Parts of a chemical reaction

  • Reactants - enter a chemical reaction
  • Products - produced in a chemical reaction
• Plus sign (+)


  Read as "combine with, added to, or react with"
• Arrow (→)


  Means "will reproduce or yield" and indicates the direction of the reaction
• Evidences of a chemical reaction

  • Change of color
  • Formulation of gas
  • Temperature change
  • Change in smell
  • Formation of precipitate
• Law of conservation of mass


  Matter is neither created nor destroyed. In any chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products.
• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, developed an experimentally based theory of the chemical reactivity of oxygen and coauthored the modern system for naming chemical substances
• Chemical notations


  A standard way of writing chemical formulas used by chemists to express the proportionate number of atoms in each element present in the compound. Includes element symbols, coefficients, subscripts, and parentheses.
• Coefficient


  A number attached in front of a chemical formula, denoting the number of molecules or moles in a compound
• Subscript


  A number written in the lower right side of a chemical formula, showing the number of atoms of each type in the molecule. Used only if there is more than one atom.
• The law of conservation of mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed
• Law of conservation of mass

  
  

  Matter is neither created nor destroyed. In any chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products.
• Chemical Notations- is a standard way of writing chemical formula used by Chemist to express the proportionate number of atoms in each element present in the compound. It includes Elements Symbols, Coefficient, Subscript and Parenthesis.
• Coefficient- is a number attached in front of the chemical formula. Denoting the number of molecules or mole in a compound.
• Subscript- is a number written in the lower right side of the chemical formula. Shows the number of atoms of each type in the molecules. A subscript is used only if there is more than one atom given in a compound.
• Rate reaction

  • The speed of a reaction is called the rate of reaction.
  • Some chemical reactions are very fast while some are very

  slow.
• Collision theory

  • It explains how collision between reactant molecules may

  or may not result in a successful chemical reaction .

  • Based on this theory, not all collisions between the

  molecules results in the formation of products.
• EFFECTIVE COLLISION only occur when:

  • Colliding molecules posses a minimum kinetic energy (activation energy), to start a chemical reaction.
  • The reactant molecules should be in correct orientation when they collide.
• Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction:

  • Temperature
  • Concentration of Reactants
  • Surface Area of Reactants
  • Presence of a Catalyst
• TEMPERATURE

  • The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction
• CONCENTRATION

  • At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same amount of space. This means that the particles are more likely to collide and therefore more likely to react
• Surface area

  • The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This means more collisions and more chances of reactions.
• Catalyst

  • are substances that speed up a reaction.
  • never produce more products- they just produce the same amount more quickly.
• BIOMOLECULES

  • Are carbon-containing compounds which are of biological importance because they make up and carry out by their chemical reactions the need of the living organisms where they are found.
  • Refers to any molecule that is produced by living organisms, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.
• Types of Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
• Carbohydrates

  • Most common biomolecules
  • They are molecules made from aldehydes and ketones containing numerous hydroxyl groups.
  • Primary energy source of our body(sugar), energy production, and it assisting lipid metabolism.
  • Building block/ monomer: monosaccharide's.
  • Elements structure: C-H-O
• CLASSIFICATIONS: Carbohydrates

  1. Monosaccharide

  2. Disaccharides

  3. Polysaccharides
• MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simplest sugar and the basic subunit of a carbohydrate (C6 H12 O6 ).
• DISACCHARIDES

  • Consist of two monosaccharide that are chemically combined.
  • Doubled sugars (C12 H22 O11 )
• POLYSACCHARIDES

  • Polymers that contains numerous monosaccharide monomers.
  • Complex sugars (C6 H10 O5 ) n where n is the number of carbon.
• Proteins

  • Body- building molecules which help us grow. They have many functions in the body, one of which is found as structural materials in hair, nails and connective tissues.
  • Transport molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Control the speed of chemical reactions.
  • Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalyst. Egg white, fish and meat are foods rich in proteins.
  • Building blocks: amino acids
  • no acid.
  • Elements structure: C-H-O-N
• Nucleic Acids

  • These biomolecules are not necessarily from food.
  • Bio molecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA.
  • Building blocks: nucleotides
  • Elements structure: C-H-O-N-P
• Lipids

  • energy- giving molecules, but they are more commonly referred as the stored- energy molecules.
  • They store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins,
  • Building block: fatty acids
  • General formula: CH3 (CH2)n COOH
  • Elements structure: C-H-O
  • Lipids provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants and animals.
  • Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes.
  • They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.