LIB important thinkers

• JM Keynes - 20th century, Keynesiasm, believed the state should intervene to stimulate the economy and prevent illiberal doctrines like facism and communism
• Adam Smith - 1776, laissez faire economics, invisible hand of markets; free market can regulate itself without help from the state
• Samuel Smiles - argued against state intervention, said a limited state would increase individualism by challenging individuals
• Herbert Spencer - opposed Smiles, questioned the idea that man could rise to the challenge of self-help, the "feeble, the feckless and the failing"
• T.H. Green - 19th century, positive freedoms, said an absence of restraint was not enough to make an individual free
• Beveridge - 1943 Beveridge report that provided the basis for the first welfare system of NHS. Five evils which restricted individual liberty -> want, ignorance, disease, squalor and idleness
• Hayek and Nozick - criticised modern liberals for betraying classical liberalism. Wanted a minimal state instead of an enabling state
• Hobbes - negative view of human nature
• Montesquieu - separation of powers through different government branches
• Berlin - defined negative freedoms as freedom FROM rather than freedom To