(CH2O)n

• In the cell, Glucose phosphorylation to Glucose-6-phosphate is done by enzymes Hexokinase or Glucokinase
• Glucose and Galactose are absorbed in the gut through Active transportation
• Fructose is absorbed in the gut through facilitated Diffusion
• Embden-Meyerhof pathway produces Lactate if the pathway is done in the presence of low or no oxygen
• Embden-Meyerhof Pathway proceeds to produce pyruvate if there is presence of oxygen
• Glucose metabolism product that serves as a marker for hypoxia is the Lactate
• Most common disorder of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway which causes hemolytic anemia is the Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
• The most common disorder of the Hexose Monophosphate shunt is the Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency
• Glycolysis the metabolism of glucose molecule to either lactate or pyruvate for energy
• Gluconeogenesis the formation of gluocse-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids
• Lipogenesis is the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
• Lipolysis is the decomposition of fat
• Insulin is synthesized in the Beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas
• The side product of the decomposition of fat or lipolysis is Ketones
• C-peptide is the marker of endogenous insulin production
• Major hyperglycemic hormone is the glucagon
• Glucagon is produced by the Alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas
• Thyroid hormone increases glucose absorption in the small intestine
• Somatostatin inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
• Growth hormone inhibits the transportation of glucose to the gut
• Ketone metabolites include Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetic acid and acetone
• 78% of ketone metabolites are Beta-hydroxybutyrate
• The autoantibodies present in Type 1 DM include antibodies against cytoplasm of islet cells, insulin or glutamate acid decarboxylase
• The HLA present in Type 1 DM is the HLA DR3/4
• The type of DM that is prone to ketoacidosis is the Type 1
• Frequency or percentage of the occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is 90-95%
• Type III-C Diabetes Mellitus is associated with pancreatic diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis
• Large percentage of mothers who had GDM during pregnancy develop DM within 5-10 years
• Screening for GDM uses 75g glucose load for 2-hour Glucose Tolerance Test
• Symptoms of DM include polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyphagia (excessive eating)
• In the criteria of diagnosing DM the random plasma glucose should be >200 mg/dl with symptoms of DM
• DM criteria for Fasting plasma glucose is >126 mg/dL
• DM criteria for Two-hour post prandial glucose is >200 mg/dL
• Impaired fasting plasma glucose in the criteria of DM is 100-125 mg/dL
• Impaired glucose tolerance in Two-hour plasma glucose is 140-199 mg/dL