PR

• Sampling - Selecting respondents or participants
• Population - Totality of all the elements or sample covered by a study
• Sampling Frame - List of members of such population from where you will get the sample
• Sample - To get a sample conduct a sampling
• Sampling Procedure:

  • Sampling

  • Population

  • Sampling Frame

  • Sample
• Sampling Technique:

  • Probability Sampling

  • Non-Probability Sampling
• Probability Sampling -Called RANDOM or UNBIASED sampling -All the individuals listed in the sampling frame are eligible or capable of representing the population
• Kinds of Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
  • Clustered Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling - Selecting sample using pure chance, this type of method gives equal chance to all the members to be selected
• Systematic Sampling - Selecting samples at regular intervals from sampling frame
• Stratified Sampling - The population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristics
• Clustered Sampling - The population is divided into smaller groups-cluster. Then select your samples randomly from these clusters
• Non-Probability Sampling

  -AKA non-random sampling -The selection of samples or participants is based on the purpose of the study, availability, or discretion of the researcher
• Types of Non-Probability Sampling

  • Convenience Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Convenience Sampling -Or availability sampling -Based on the availability and willingness of the samples to participate in your study
• Quota Sampling - Selecting a specific set or number of samples with similar characteristics to represent the whole population
• Purposive Sampling - Samples are chosen based on the judgment of the researchers of the individuals are suited for the study
• Snowball Sampling - The size or number of samples is increasing due to additional participant
• Observation - systematic gathering of data whereby you personally watch,interact, or communicate with the respondents
• 2 Kinds of Observation

  • Participant Observation
  • Structured Observation
• Participant Observation - Actual involvement; researchers take part in the activities of the respondents
• Structured Observation - Also called controlled observation - Data are gathered through checklist - premade criteria - No participation from the researchers
• Interview - Data gathering that allows the researcher to communicate with the participants
• Types of Interview

  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semi-Structured
• Structured - The researchers ask the participants with a set predetermined questions
• Unstructured - The researcher uses guides to start the interview, but during the process researcher can ask the participants questions that will validate their answers, and for further exchange of ideas
• Semi-Structured - Combination of structured and unstructured interview
• Approaches of Interview

  • Individual
  • Group
  • Mediated
• Individual - One-on-one, key informant interview
• Group - Focused group discussions, same questions are asked to the group at the same time, the participants will take turn to answer the questions
• Mediated - Uses technology to communicate with the participants
• Research Instruments - It is a tool designed to gather, measure, analyze data. The research instrument must be able to assist in answering the research aims, objective and research questions, as well as prove or disprove the hypothesis/assumption of the study
• Questionnaire Research instrument contains list of questions that aims to: -Obtain the thoughts and feelings of the participants -Assist the researcher during an interview -Make documentation and analysis of data easier
• Questionnaire used in Qualitative Research • Unstructured Questionnaire
• Unstructured Questionnaire - Prevent limited responses
• Open Ended Questions - Wherein participants can answer freely with less to no limitations
• Close Ended Questions - Yes/no; commonly used for validations
• Multiple Choice - A close ended question in which the participant can select one or many responses