Musco-skeletal System

• Musculoskeletal system


  made up of muscles, bones, and the tissues that connect them
• Functions of Musco-skeletal system:

  • Structure
  • Protection
  • Mineral Reserve
  • Blood Cell Production
• Structure


  gives shape and size
• Protection


  protects fragile tissue
• Mineral Reserve


  calcium and phosphorus
• Blood Cell Production


  bone marrow is housed in long bones which produces blood cells
• Skeleton


  any rigid structure that provides protective and supportive framework to organism
• Functions of skeleton:

  • support
  • protection
  • production of blood cells
  • storage of minerals (calcium)
• Types of Skeleton

  1. Exoskeleton
  2. Endoskeleton
• Exoskeleton 


  bony structure found in externally
• Exoskeleton of Vertebrae 


  skin derivatives (dermis and epidermis)

  • fish - scale
  • amphibians - claws
  • reptiles - scales and scutes
  • mammals - horns, nails
  • aves - feathers, claws
• Exoskeleton of Invertebrates 


  1. Chitin
  2. Calcium Carbonate
• Calcium


  most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occuring in nature and is the building material that gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell walls of fungi
• Calcium carbonate


  chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3, common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite most notably chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls
• Endoskeleton


  bony structure found internally
• Classification of Bones (Based on Location)


  1. Axial
  2. Appendicular
• Axial


  • located in the median axis of the body
  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribcage
• Appendicular 


  • located at the sides of the body
  • girdles
  • forelimbs
  • hind limbs
• Classification of Bones (Based on shapes)

  • Long Bones

  • Short Bones

  • Irregular Bones

  • Round Bones

  • Flat Bones
• Long Bones


  elongated and cylindrical
• Short Bones


  small and cubed
• Irregular Bones


  varied shapes that permit connections with the other bones
• Round Bones


  circular in shape
• Flat Bones 


  platelike with broad surfaces
• Tendon


  connects muscle to bone (achilles tendon)
• Ligament


  connects bone to bone (anterior cruciate ligament)
• Components of Skeleton


  1. Tendon
  2. Ligament
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone Cells
• Cartilage


  flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals. it is not as hard and rigid as bone but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscles
• Bone Cells


  1. Osteoblast
  2. Osteoclast
• Osteoblast


  responsible for secreting matrix, ostein
• Osteoclast


  performs bone reabsorption; they breakdown bone and deposit calcium and phosphate in the blood. important to the growth and repair of bones
• Osteoblast


  forms new bone tissue
• Osteoclast


  breaks down old bone tissue
• Types of Muscles 


  1. Smooth
  2. Cardiac
  3. Skeletal
• Smooth Muscles 


  muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageway and hollow internal organs. These muscles are involuntary.
• Cardiac Muscles


  forms the wall of the heart and responsible for the contraction of the heart. It is involuntary.
• Skeletal Muscles


  muscles attached to bone that cause body movements. almost all skeletal muscles are under voluntary control.
• Origin


  end that does not move
• Insertion


  end that moves when muscle contracts
• Adduction


  moving body part toward the midline