Division 9 - Finishes

• 1. Stucco or cement plaster

  2. Rubbed finish

  3. Brushed finish

  4. Tooled finish

  5. Sand-blast finish

  6. Exposed aggregate finish

  7. Wood float finish

  8. Steel trowelled finish

  9. Integral colored cement finish

  Concrete surface finishes
• Stucco


  is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water.

  
• 3/8"


  Thickness of scratch coat
• Rubbed finish


  This consists of grinding down the surface of the concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural stone.

  
  

  With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a thin grout of cement and sand is applied to the surface and well rubbed in to fill surface imperfections, and the work afterward washed down with clean water.

  
  

  If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the method is called a sand-float finish .

  
• Brushed finish


  This type of finish is obtained by scrubbing or brushing the concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes and water to remove the surface film or mortar, leaving the coarse aggregate exposed.

  
  

  This should be done while the concrete surface is still green and just as soon as it is possible to do so without removing particles of the aggregate.

  
  

  Its appearance can be improved by washing with a diluted solution of acid applied with a brush. The acid thoroughly cleans the surface of the aggregate, thereby intensifying the color and texture of the same.

  
  

  The surface should be thoroughly washed after the acid treatment as otherwise it will have a mottled, streaky appearance.

  
• Tooled finish


  -Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by any of the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural stone.

  
  

  Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is the most popular method used in tooling concrete surfaces. The best results are obtained on surfaces which are thoroughly hard.

  
  

  The concrete should preferably be about 2 months old.

  
  

  Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the facing material, as it is hard to dress and obtain uniform results where large angular stones are encountered.

  
  

  -cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged before being chipped.

  
• Sand-blast finish


  -is very much the same in appearance as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still green.

  -produces a granulated finish somewhat similar to sandstone but not so uniform, because the aggregates are likely to be brought out irregularly.

  
• Exposed aggregate finish


  A type of concrete finish wherein the color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not by adding coloring material to the mixture.

  
• Steel trowelled finish


  After the concrete aggregate is forced below the surface, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed, and given a wood float finish. Before the concrete finally sets, the entire surface is steel-trowelled

  
• Integral colored cement finish


  When the concrete is still green but surface water is gone, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed. Then a finish coat of 1:3 plaster is applied. This finish coat is leveled with a wood screed, given a wood float finish and then steel-trowelled

  
• 1. Granolithic

  2. Terrazzo


  Floor finishes
• Granolithic finish


  This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement, 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally used in the aggregate.

  
  

  Finely ground corundum may also be a part of the aggregate to produce an enduring and non-slip surface .
• Terrazzo


  a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground to a fine, smooth surface.
• 5/8"


  Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping
• 1. Cement tile

  2. Ceramic tile


  Tile finishes
• Cement tile


  manufactured by pressing in moulds a plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.
• 25mm (1")


  Thickness of cement tile
• 1. 200mm x 200mm (8"x8")

  2. 300mm x 300mm (12"x12")

  3. 400mm x 400mm (16"x16").


  Common sizes of cement tile
• 50mm (2")


  When installing cement tile, the top of the base slab shall be left [,blank,]mm below the finish floor.
• The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland cement to 3 parts of sand).
• Ceramic tile


  are small surfacing units made from clay or mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired according various processes.
• 1. Plastic

  2. Filler

  3. Flux or solvent


  Principal constituents of ceramic tiles
• filler


  Principal constituent of ceramic tiles which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat, e.g. flint or finely pulverized silica, kaolin, tale
• Flux or solvent


  Principal constituent of ceramic tiles which melts under intense heat and fuses the heat resisting elements into a solid mass.
• Unglazed tiles


  are composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made.

  
• Glazed tiles


  have a glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative appearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture.

  
• Bright glaze


  (Ceramic tiles)

  A type of glaze finish which have a highly polished surface and reflect an image clearly
• Matte glaze


  (Ceramic tiles)

  A type of glaze finish which do not clearly reflect an image or are entirely without sheen
• 1. Plain

  2. Textured

  3. Polychrome

  4. Mottled

  5. Stippled

  6. Rippled

  Types of surfaces of glazed ceramic tiles
• 1. Dust-press process

  2. Plastic process


  Types of ceramic tile manufacturing processes
• Dust-press Process


  A ceramic tile manufacturing process wherein tiles are shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. This method of production gives greater mechanical precision and a more regular appearance to the tiles than other methods
• Plastic Process


  A ceramic tile manufacturing process wherein tiles are shaped from clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water. They are made either by hand molding or by extrusion from an auger-machine. When shaped by machine, the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes as it emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by this method vary slightly from the true geometric forms and therefore have a more hand-made appearance than to dust-pressed tiles.
• Vitrification


  is a measure of the tile's density and relative absorption which depends partly on the tile's composition and partly on the degree of burning
• 1. Nonvitreous tiles

  2. Semivitreous tiles

  3. Vitreous tiles

  4. Impervious tiles


  4 Degrees of vitrification of ceramic tiles
• Nonvitreous tiles


  (Ceramic tiles)

  have a degree of density that permits moisture absorption of more than 7% of the weight of the tile but does not prevent the tile from having a high degree of strength.
• Semivitreous tiles


  (Ceramic tiles)

  have a degree of density that limits moisture absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of the tile.
• Vitreous tiles


  (Ceramic tiles)

  have a moisture absorption of less than 3% and a body density which prevents any penetration of dirt hat cannot be easily removed.
• Impervious tiles


  (Ceramic tiles)

  are the hardest. Their moisture absorption is negligible and they are readily cleansed of stains and dirt.
• Glazed interior tiles


  Types of ceramic tile which are non-vitreous product made by the dust-press-process .

  
• Ceramic Mosaic Tiles


  Types of ceramic tile which are tiles less than 6 sq. in. in facial area, preponderantly unglazed, and having fully vitrified or fairly dense bodies.