Chapter 17 Clinical Psychology: Treatment

• insight


  insight into the cause of the problem, according to humanistic approach, is primary key to eliminating the problem
• in psychoanalytic therapy, therapists remain detached from patient, to encourage

  transference. When patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain people or events onto therapist
• countertransference


  when therapist transfers own feelings to patient. in order to avoid this, therapists undergo analysis themselves
• 特徴 of humanistic therapy


  treats the individual as a client
• client-centered therapy


  humanistic approach by carl rogers. therapist's genuineness, unconditional positive regard to make unconditional self-worth, accurate empathetic understanding.
• what is important in client-centered therapy

  genuineness, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathetic understanding
• Fritz Perls


  Gestalt therapy. act out mental conflicts to make them aware of interaction between body and mind
• 特徴 of behavioral therapy

  short term. treats symptoms
• counterconditioning


  response to certain stimuli is replaced by different response. eg. positive feelings due to alcohol. negative feelings concerning alcohol,

  can be accomplished by aversion therapy or systematic desensitization
• aversion therapy


  aversive stimulus is repeatedly paired with behavior the client wishes to stop
• systematic desensitization


  replace one response with another. construct hierarchical set of mental images related to the stressful stimulus, imagine least stressful to most stressful mental images while doing a relaxation technique
• extinction procedures


  behavioral therapy. designed to weaken maladaptive responses

  eg. flooding
• flooding


  exposing client to stimulus that causes the undesirable response
• implosion


  client imagines the disruptive stimuli rather than actually confronting it
• behavioral contracting


  client and therapist agree on contract where client doesn't exhibit undesirable behaviors. and therapist must provide rewards if the client follows. operant conditioning
• modeling


  based on Bandura's social learning theory. based on principle of vicarious learning. Client watches someone act in a certain way and then receive a reward
• cognitive approach to therapy


  changing cognitions, or the way people think about situations, in order to change behavior
• REBT


  Rational-emotive behavior therapy (RET, rational-emotive therapy) by Albert Ellis. change maladaptive thoughts and emotional responses by confronting irrational thoughts directly. patient is told they are incorrect and why
• cognitive therapy


  Aaron Beck. Focus on maladaptive schemas. Beck asserted that there is a negative triad of depression that involves a negative view of self, of the world, and of the future
• maladaptive schemas


  arbitrary inference, and dichotomous thinking
• arbitrary inference


  drawing conclusions without evidence
• dichotomous thinking


  all-or-nothing thinking
• ECT


  electroconvulsive therapy. fairly high voltages of electricity passed across patient's head. causes temporary amnesia and maybe seizures. successful in treatment of major depression
• prefrontal lobotomy


  psychosurgery. parts of frontal lobe is cut off of violent patients. left patients in a zombie-like or catatonic state
• Psychopharmacology

  four broad classes of psychotropic drugs: antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, lithium salts
• antipsychotics


  reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking neural receptors for dopamine. Side effects: jerky movements, tremors, muscle stiffness
• antidepressants


  three types: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO), tricyclics, selective reuptake inhibitors
• MAO inhibitors


  increase amount of serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for breakdown of many neurotransmitters
• Tricyclics


  increase amount of serotonin and norepinephrine
• selective reuptake inhibitors (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI)


  increase amount of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft, by blocking reuptake mechanism. fewer side effects
• Anxiolytics


  depress CNS and reduce anxiety and reduce insomnia. also include barbiturates.

  eg. Benzodiazepines cause muscle relaxation and feeling of tranquility
• Lithium Carbonate


  salt. Effective in treating bipolar disorder. mechanism not known
• Modes of therapy


  Group therapy, Twelve-step programs, couples or family therapy
• Group therapy


  especially in substance abuse. Less expensive, and group dynamic may be therapeutic. But psychological effect of therapist is diluted
• Twelve-step program


  form of group therapy. usually not moderated by professional psychotherapists. combination of spirituality and group therapy. focus on strong social support system of people who are experiencing or have experienced addictions or other maladaptive adjustments to life
• Couples or family therapy


  encourages members to listen to one another in a way that might not occur in other settings