research

• WRITING A SUMMARY 

  -synthesis of the key ideas in you own words (paraphrase) 

  -distilling its essential concepts into paragraph/s
• AIMS:

  -reproduce overarching ideas 

  -identify general concepts 

  -express these overarching ideas using precise language (can’t rely on the language of author)

  -overview of points without your sentence becoming too general 
• GOOD SUMMARY:

  • Identify the author
  • Synthesize key ideas
  • Present information neutrally 
• TECHNIQUES:

  1. Include author, title, thesis, concept in 1st sentence in your own words
  2. Dealing with larger articles, see various stages in explanation or argument (divide into sections then write a cover of key ideas each)
  3. Don't reproduce author’s exact words/progression of thought 
  4. Omit minor details and specific examples 
  5. Avoid opinions
  6. Do not plagiarize author’s words, if you do, use quotation marks
• LITERATURE 

  -encompasses books, periodicals, journals articles and any publish or unpublish materials by knowledgeable persons 

  -not limited to written documents, may be in artifacts, interviews, speeches, video recordings, photographs  or work of art 
• RELATED LITERATURE 

  -involves discussion of facts and principles to which the present study is related

  -presentation of concepts or research findings relevant 

  -different from related studies

  • Related literature- books, journals, magazine
  • Related studies -  past research 

  -using non-written literature must able to articulate it properly and expects it is authentic for the study
• 
  

  PURPOSE OF RELATED LITERATURE:

  • Helps researcher understood his/her topic better (clarifies vague points)
  • Ensures no duplication of other studies
  • Guides in locating more sources of related info
  • Guides in making design, formulating:

  -specific questions

  -assumption and hypothesis

  -conceptual framework

  -selection and application of methods/sampling techniques

  • Guides in making comparison between findings of theirs and others and end with formulating generalizations known as “fund of knowledge”
• TYPES OF SOURCES:

  • PRIMARY SOURCE

  -not filtered through evaluation

  -original materials

  • first formal appearance of results (physical, print, electrical)

  -original thinking, report a discovery or share new informations

  Ex. 

  -interview

  -research paper

  -published articles

  -Autobiography 
• • SECONDARY SOURCE

  -less defined easily

  -written after fact with the benefit of hindsights 

  -interpretation of primary source 

  -commentary on text and discussion of evidence 

  Ex. 

  -textbooks

  -biographies

  -websites by others

  -dictionaries 
• • Leisure reading 

  -skill to develop interest for reading 

  -entertainment 

  -understanding, comprehension, speed in reading 
• • Active reading

  -efficiently skill to gather information

  -technical writing and scholarly work

  -deeper understanding geared towards making meaning 

  -note taking skills
• Strategies in active reading:

  -questioning

  -connecting

  -predicting

  -reviewing

  -evaluation

  -visualizing 
• READING TECHNIQUES: 

  • Skimming 

  -processing large amount of information quickly by reading the first sentence of each paragraph for overall understanding of reference

  • Scanning

  -read and sport specific information you need and look for keywords related
• SQ4R METHOD

  • Survey -skimming
  • Question -before and during reading
  • Read
  • Recite -in own words
  • Record -take notes
  • Review -recall 
• NOTE TAKING 

  -synthesizing information from a source 

  -it is a skill because takes practice and involves effort 

  -note taking it difficult:

  -spoken language

  -speaker’s organization not immediately apparent

  -immediate feedback

  -spoken language is quick and do not exist for long (analysis difficult) 
• PURPOSES OF NOTE TAKING:

  • Provides a written record
  • Forces to pay attention
  • Requires organization (active effort)
  • Condense and rephrase, aids understanding 
• • BEFORE

  -prepare mentally

  -review notes and BG materials

  -review reading assignment

  -think about what happened in last few classes
• • WHILE

  -Don’t for a verbatim script 

  -Paraphrase

  -Use symbols to indicate importance of items 

  -leave plenty spaces so not crammed together to find important information easily later on

  -be accurate 

  -be aggressive listener 

  -develop a system of mechanics
• • AFTER

  -review and reword ASAP

  -dont copy, think

  -arrange and compare notes to others

  -fill gaps as you remember points

  -find answers

  -brief summary 

  -Sharpen note taking technique by comparing notes

  -practice skills 
• STRATEGIES (ABC-LOU)

  • Abbreviations
  • Bullets
  • Caveman language (not complete sentence)
  • Lists
  • One word for several (paraphrase) 
  • Use own words 
• IDEAS: 

  -Mind map

  -System map

  -Line diagram

  -table