ch10.4-10.5

• Factors affecting the rate of conduction

  • Different materials conduct heat at different rates because they have different thermal conductivities
  • The higher the thermal conductivity of a material, the higher the rate of conduction
• Conduction


  The transfer of heat energy from a (b) region of higher temperature to a (d) region of lower temperature
• During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea


  • The cooler and denser air from the sea flows in to replace the rising hot air
  • The movement of air from the sea to the land is called a sea breeze
• During the night, the sea loses heat much slower than the land


  • The cooler and denser air from the land flows towards the sea to replace the rising hot air
  • The movement of air from the land to the sea is called a land breeze
• Factors affecting the rate of radiation

  • The higher the temperature of an object, the higher the rate of radiation from the object
  • The larger the surface area of an object, the higher the rate of radiation of the object
  • Black, dull, and rough surfaces are good emitters and absorbers of radiation, but poor reflectors of radiation
  • White, shiny (or silvery), and smooth surfaces are poor emitters and absorbers of radiation, but good reflectors of radiation
• Vacuum flask


  • Stopper prevents convection currents
  • Lack of particles reduces conduction
  • Trapped air is a good insulator
  • Silvery glass walls reflect heat energy back into the liquid
  • Insulated base and stopper are poor conductors of heat