Global politics - case studies

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UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - KOSOVO 2008 
Kosovo was a province of Serbia
Muslim Albanians are 90% of population
Wanted to separate from Serbia - claimed persecution by Serbia Unilaterally declared independence
International Court of Justice upheld their decision
Themes: hard power, human rights, ethnicity, terrorism, IGOs, international law, nation state, sovereignty
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - CRIMEA, UKRAINE 2014 
Crimea originally belonged to Russia until 1950s
Given to Ukraine
Putin's Russia annexed it in 2014 (feel as if they have a right of that land) - with 60% of Crimeans of Russian descent agreed
Themes: sovereignty, hard power, nation state, IGOs, international laws, ethnicity
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT 1948- 
Israel = sovereign nation but contains occupied territories of Palestinians (Gaza strip, west bank of the Jordan, etc.).
UN Resolution 242 (1967) wants Israel to withdraw from these areas but Israel refuses for security reasons. Israel is only seen as a country by 163 states out of 193.
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - US HARD POWER IN IRAQ
Hard power USA - IRAQ intervention:
For instance, in 2014 the US military intervention in Iraq against ISIL is an example of hard power. At first they supplied the Iraqi Kurds with weapons to fight back. They also contributed in the humanitarian aspect by giving aid (food, water, and medicine) to civilians escaping this massacre which is a use of soft power. But when needing to make real prominent change the United States fired airstrikes aimed at ISIL. Which were followed in coalition by nine other countries. The use of soft or smart power was not an option because ISIL would not cooperate.In 2015 ISIL had lost 25% of their territory that they had taken in Iraq and by 2017 they had none left
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - JAMMU AND KASHMIR
J and K are provinces bordering India and Pakistan
India and Pakistan have disputed ownership since Partition of two nations in 1947
They share these areas but mostly-Muslim area of Kashmir is controlled by India.
Have fought 3 wars over provinces since then
India gave Kashmir great autonomy under Article 370 but after suicide attacks against Indian troops in area, India prime minister Modi brought Kashmir under the direct control of Delhi.
Pakistan has reacted angrily to this situation.
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - BOKO HARAM, NIGERIA
BH = extreme islamic terrorist group which has disputed Lagos's central authority and western influence since 2002
2014 BH kidnapped 274 school girls and control some areas of northern Nigeria with Sharia Law.
Active in terrorist attacks on the Nigerian army.
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, terrorism, non-state actors, gender, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES
China needs access to Pacific Ocean and South China Sea to guarantee supply chains and trade routes
Islands that make up Philippines stand in the way of this access, so China wants to control those islands/influence rulers of those islands
Complication - U.S. military is security guarantor for Pacific water traffic + Philippines relies heavily on U.S. for trade and security cooperation
China doesn't want direct conflict with US
Key tactic - channeling large investments and other trade deals to win over Manila
Not working so far - Manila has decisively sided with US for trade/security purposes
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - SYRIA
Began with protests against President Assad's rule
Islamic State began taking control of parts of Syria in 2013
Also expanded into Iraq
Used it as base to launch terrorists attacks across Europe in 2015
US-led coalition has responded with air strikes
Russia, Turkey have sent troops into Syria
98% of Syrian land held by IS has been taken back
Last stronghold in Iraq (Mosul) re-taken in 2019
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, soft power, terrorism, non-state actors, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - CHINA AND MUSLIM MINORITIES
China has 1.5 ethnic Uighurs in western region of Xinjiang
Beijing fears rise of Islamic extremism
Therefore keeping many Uighurs in re-eduction camps, prisons
Feb 2020 - U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said China's treatment of Muslims, including Uighurs, in western China = "enormous human rights violation"
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, minorities, human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN SYRIA AND IRAQ
Systematic mass murder of Christian minorities in regions of Iraq, Syria and Libya by Islamic extremist group, ISIL
Persecution at its worse in ISIL takeover of parts of Northern Iraq in June 2014.
Spread to Libya and Syria in 2015
Called a "genocide" by EU and US
Themes: ethnicity, religion, human rights, hard power, power, IGOs, international law
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - VENEZUELA
Since 2010, collapse of Venezuela economy, repression by Maduro regime and opposition to it have lead to widespread poverty, malnutrition, hyperinflation, disease, crime, death and massive emigration
2017 - 82% of population living below poverty line/malnourished
Themes: human rights, hard power, IGOs, international law
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - YEMEN
Civil war and humanitarian crisis since 2011
Yemeni government backed by Saudi Arabia/USA against jihadist rebels backed by Iran
1.8 children malnourished
7m people on verge of famine
Humanitarian aid is being blocked (e.g. Doctors Without Borders)
Saudi forces using illegal cluster bombs
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, terrorism, non-state actors, alliances, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - CHINA AND HONG KONG
2018-20 saw rioting of HKers against Chinese rule
Beijing has been accused of assaulting HK freedoms of rights to free expression, association and political participation
HK government has disqualified pro-democracy figures from running for seats on Hong Kong's Legislative Council (LegCo).
HK and Chinese governments have harassed people for peaceful pro-independence speech - March 2018 denounced pro-democracy scholar Benny Tai
September 2018 Chinese mainland law was extended to more areas of HK -
Have banned pro-independence National Party and cracked down on rioters with arrests and violence
Themes: human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state, non-state actors
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - IRAN
Protests have been growing against Islamic government since December 2017
Jan/Dec protests 2018/19 - police arrested 4,900 people, at least 21 people were killed and as many as 1000 in later riots
Protests in 2019/20 in Teheran and Isfahan came after an Iranian missile shot down a Ukranian airliner, but turned into general protests against the regime, unemployment and rising petrol prices.
authorities have systematically violated the right of citizens to peaceful assembly, arbitrarily arresting thousands of protesters.
Many political groups were disqualified from taking part in Feb 2020 local elections
The government cut off all internet access for 5 days and has kept leaders such as Mr Mousavi and Mr Karroubi under house arrest
Themes: human rights, hard power, IGOs, international law
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - CAMEROON
Cameroon has a large anglophone population in North West and South West regions
A separatist movement here is fighting the government
10% of Anglophone population has been forcibly displaced, making C the sixth largest source of displaced persons in the world.
More than 200 villages have been attacked and burned.
Government has been accused of murder and torture
UN sources say 1.3 million people are in immediate need of humanitarian assistance.
Noted author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie referred to it Cameroon's "carnage."
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - WEAPONISING AND MISUSE
Human Rights
Anders Breivik
Breivik believed Muslims were invading Europe so he wanted to hurt the people allowing it to happen (a certain party in the Norwegian government)
Breivik killed 77 people in one day
8 in a vehicle bomb used as a distraction
69 on the island of Utøya where a summer camp was being held for the children of the party he was targetting
Controversial case because many believed he should be punished and not allowed his human rights
Breivik eventually sued for not being granted his freedom from torture and right to correspondence
He was successful in the first one and got all his legal fees paid for
The court had to rule in his favor because he is still a human and therefore is allowed his human rights from the ECHR
The weaponization of human rights in Greece
Refugees go through Turkey to get to the rest of Europe
Until 1990 these refugees were accepted into Europe because most were leaving the USSR (which was seen as a victory)
Then after 1990, Europe asked Turkey to slow the borders to limit the flow of refugees
In 2020, Turkey wanted European support for its fight in Syria and Libya which was failing. So they opened their borders allowing refugees to come into Europe
This put pressure on other European countries as to stop the flow that was overwhelming the economy, they would need to support Turkey
UNIT 2 HUMAN RIGHTS - FIFA AND SLAVE LABOUR (MMCs) 
Quatar 2022 soccer World Cup
Quatar constructed brand new stadium right in middle of burning desert
Thousands of Nepalese migrants working on it
Terrible working conditions - routinely exploited, passports confiscated, pay not enough to pay back the debt, if they end up being paid at all.
Around one migrant worker is dying per day—with more than 2,000 expected to have been killed by the time of the World Cup
No action from FIFA
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - MICRO FINANCING AND CREDIT
Bangladesh - the Grameen Bank
India - SEWA (Self-Employed Women's Association). Savings
Give credit to start or improve tiny entrepreneurial activity from raising a goat to selling street foods to marketing fish.
Bring men and women together from different social layers and castes
SEWA also fights for pensions, health benefits, and childcare to these workers
Subject areas: inequality, poverty, microfinancing, measuring development, contested meaning of development
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX EXAMPLE
Brazil's HDI went up 0.001 point in 2018 in comparison to 2016
Reaching 0.759 in a scale of 0 to 1 - the closer the reading is of 1, the highest the human development.
Caused by a 0.14% increase in Brazilian per capita average income
Since 1990, Brazil has also had increase of over 10 years in life expectancy (75.7 years) and of 3.2 years in children's schooling time after school starts.
Brazilians' income in the same period rose 28.6%.
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - WELL FUNCTIONING INSTITUTIONS
Example of poorly functioning institituions = Cairo
- has 18 government entities and four parastatal agencies
- leads to overlapping and fragmentation that affects overall efficiency and operation of Cairo's economy and transportation system
Example of well functioning institutions = Lagos
- government of Lagos created single agency to coordinate work of all transport-related entities
Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority - awards concessions, levies transport user fees, manages major arterial roads
- has improved city's transportation and economic functioning
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT 
Access to Resources
- Norway is second largest exporter of natural gas and the fifth largest of oil and one of richest world economies
- Botswana produces 29% of world's gemstone diamonds and has one of fastest growing economies of last 40 years
Foreign Direct Investment
- 2015 India overtook China and US as the top destination for FDI
- first half of 2015, India attracted investment of $31 billion compared to $28 billion and $27 billion of China and the US respectively.
- Foreign companies invest directly in fast growing private Indian businesses to take benefits of cheaper wages and more open business environment of India.
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - INCOME REDISTRIBUTION
Many Latin American nations have used taxation policy to redistribute income - with varying effects
Uruguay - most redistributive tax-benefit system - helped reduce inequality by 9% + poverty reduction by 12%
Columbia and Bolivia - tax-benefit system reduces inequality but by less than 2.4% + impact on poverty reduction far less
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - STATE CAPITALISM
Vietnam has been a communist nation since defeating the US in 1975 and uniting the country
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - TRADE LIBERALISATION
India
Liberalisation of Indian economy began in 1991
Began slow, steady programme of liberalistion in financial, manufacturing and agricultural sectors
Still maintains tariffs in parts of agricultural sector but manufactoring industry has been liberalised to outside investment and trade
Eliminated complex licencing system, customs duties and quantative reductions in imports
Signed binding obligations at international level - Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Eliminated tariffs on ICT products
Eliminated all duty imports on substantially all trade from SE Asia and ASEAN nations
Great effect on economic success of Indian economy
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - TOURISM 
Chinese tourist industry
Tourism has become an important contributor to the domestic economy in China since beginning of reform and opening in the early eighties.
Emergence of an affluent middle class and an easing of movement restrictions for locals and foreign visitors are both supporting this travel boom.
Now most one of the most important inbound and outbound tourist markets
Number of domestic trips in China to increase to 2.38 billion trips by 2020
Shows an increase of over 50 percent compared to the number of trips made within China in 2010.
2018 - Chinese tourists spent about 277 billion U.S. dollars abroad
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - SUBSAHARA AFRICA
Caught in poverty cycle that is very hard to break out of
Made worse by link between poverty and disease (HIV/AIDS) - 20.6m AIDS victims/7% HIV positive between ages 15-49 in area in 2018
Development also hindered by crime, civil conflict, corruption and state failure
E.g. civil conflict, terrorism: The first two months of 2015 saw about 8,300 people die as a result of conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, with just five countries - Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Somalia and Niger - accounting for roughly 90% of these deaths.
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - IMPROVING EDUCATION 
Global Partnership for Education charity in Kenya\
Helped push increased primary school enrollment from 72 percent in 2003 to 88 percent in 2012.
Education is at center of Kenya's development strategy Under Vision 2030 to help transform the country into an industrialized,middle-income economy.
Since 2008, spending on education has been around the GPE-advised target of at least 20 percent of the national budget.
But children from Kenya's remote regions and disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to go to or finish primary school than others
Also, low student performance in early grade mathematics and reading.
UNIT 3 DEVELOPMENT - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION
Brazil deforestation
Deforestation is mainly due to the conversion of forests into agricultural land
Between 1996 and 2003 Brazil's economy was export orientated
Brazilian soy exports to China rocketed from 15 000 to 6 million tonnes
This involved deforestation and converting part of the rainforest into farmland.
UNIT 4 PEACE AND CONFLICT - KOREA
Korea had been under Japanese occupation till 1945
At end of WW2, USA and Russia agreed to divide Korea into communist north and democratic south - created tensions
1951 north invaded south Korea
UN and USA sent troops to stop them
China also helped N Korea - risk of world war
Stalemate by 1953
Peace brokered by Indians in July 1953 and nation still divided today
Negative peace: Trauma not been resolved, Both sides are enemies and do not work with each other to try and resolve issues; no positive peace negotiations; Both states live completely separately and are not interdependent.
Today Demilitarised Zone between nations is still highly guarded by both south and north Korea.
Peace attempts between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un are ongoing but show no signs of success
N Korea developing long range missiles and nuclear weapons
UNIT 4 CONFLICT AND PEACE - IRAQ 2003 TO PRESENT
Result of longstanding antagonism between Iraqi dicator, Saddam Hussein and West, especially US
1991: US led coalition intervened to stop Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
Iraq impeding UNSCOM's (United Nation Special Committee) attempts to carry out weapons inspections on Iraq's military facilities led West to believe Iraq was hiding WMDs (weapons of mass destruction) .
March 2003 - US army led invasion into Iraq - lasted 21 days - Saddam Hussein goes into hiding and coalition occupies Iraq to 2011
US military occupation leads to more conflict between groups competing for power within area (Islamic militants funded by Iran, sunni v shiite, kurdish freedom fighters)
2009 - most coalition forces withdraw, handing over security duties to Iraqi forces.
Since 2003 there have been numerous diplomatic attempts to stop violence, by establishing stable institutions to run the country
2005, new constitution aimed at creating federal democracy introduced.
2006 Execution of Saddam Hussein
2018 parliamentary elections - first peaceful transition of power since 1979
International community heavily involved in maintenance of stability, especially in sensitive post-election period.
Foreign, non-state actors such as UN have stressed the importance of international support of new Iraqi leadership elected through a fair democracy.
Conclusion
No real peace in Iraq - region is unstable (Iran and Syria)
US created negative peace through hard power (military)
Inequalities still very present - according to World Bank Dec 2019 - Despite Iraq being OPEC's second-largest crude producer, one in five Iraqis live in poverty and youth unemployment = 25 %
UNIT 4 PEACE AND CONFLICT - LIBYA CIVIL WARS 2011-PRESENT
Libya ruled by Dictator, Colonel Gaddafi for 42 years
2011 Feb - Inspired by revolts in Egypt and Tunisia, violent protests break out in Benghazi and other cities between security forces and anti-Gaddafi rebels.
2011 Mar - UN Security Council authorises no-fly zone over Libya and NATO air strikes against Gaddafi forces
2011 July - Main opposition group, National Transitional Council (NTC) formerly recognised as legitimate government of Libya.
2011 Aug - Oct: Rebels capture capital, Tripol. Col Gaddafi captured and killed in hometown Sirte + NTC declares Libya to be officially "liberated" and plans to hold elections within eight months.
2012 Jan-March - discontent with NTC - Clashes erupt between former rebel forces in Benghazi; NTC in Benghazi and NTC in Tripoli.
2012 Aug - Transitional government hands power to General National Congress elected in July.
2012 Sept - US ambassador and 3 other Americans killed when Islamist militants storm consulate in Benghazi. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton strongly criticised for incompetence.
Second Civil war
2014 Feb - Protests erupt as GNC refusal to disband after mandate expires.
2014 May - "Libyan National Army" renegade general Khalifa Haftar launches military assault against militant Islamist groups in Benghazi; tries to seize parliament building, says Prime Minister Maiteg in thrall to Islamist groups.
2014 June - Prime Minister Maiteg resigns - New parliament chosen in elections - Fighting breaks out between forces loyal to outgoing GNC and new parliament.
2014 July - UN staff pull out, embassies shut, foreigners evacuated as security situation deteriorates. Tripoli international airport largely destroyed by fighting. Islamic leader, Ansar al-Sharia seizes control of Benghazi.
2014 Oct - UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has UN-brokered talks between new parliament and government in Tobruk and Islamist Libya Dawn militias holding Tripoli.
2015 Jan - Libyan army/Tripoli-based militia alliance declare partial ceasefire after UN-sponsored talks in Geneva.
2015 Feb - Egyptian jets help Libyan Army retake Islamic stronghold of Derna but IS fights back and takes over port-city of Sirte
2016 Jan - UN announces new interim government, but neither Tobruk nor Tripoli parliaments recognise its authority. Islamic State group attacks oil terminals and threatens to attack Tobruk.
2016 March - New UN-backed Government of National Accord arrives in Tripoli + UN staff return to Tripoli
2016 Dec - July 2017 - Pro-government forces oust Islamic State militants from Sirte/Benghazi
2018 July - Apr 2019 Khalifa Haftar takes Derna last stronghold of IS
2018 Sept - Libya's UN-backed government declares state of emergency in Tripoli, after many killed in clashes between rival militia groups
2019 Apr - Haftar Libyan National Army advances on Tripoli, sparking clashes with the forces of the internationally-recognised Government of National Accord.
First civil war kills 30000+ Libyans
Conclusion: Libya in negative and very unstable peace
Use of hard and soft power have both largely failed Situation today = continued rivalry, clashes between political rivals, Islamists
Libya illustrates civil/intra-national strife and conflict + Islamic terrorism and failure of international organisations to resolve problem
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA - CIVIL WAR 1991-1995
Series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence and insurgencies in former Yugoslavia
- led to breakup of Yugoslav state.
- Former Yugoslavia was Socialist state created after German occupation in World War II and bitter civil war
- Federation of 6 republics (Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Albanians, Slovenes) under communist regime of Tito
- Main instigator of conflict was Serbian nationalism under Serbian president Slobodon Milosevic
- Serbian forces and Yugoslav army tried to create Greater Serbia by attacking Croatia and Bosnia
Serbs in Muslim Bosnia revolted and tried to link up with Serbians
- War ended in 1995 after Nato bombed Bosnian Serbs; and Muslim and Croat armies pushed back Serbs
- Nov 1995 - US engineered Dayton Agreement - created two self-governing entities within Bosnia - Bosnian Serb Republic and Muslim(Bosniak)-Croat Federation.
- Operation Grapple: Organised multilateral peacekeeping formed by UK in support of UN forces in Bosnia and Croatia Oct 1992
-Dec 1995 as part of UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) handed over peacekeeping mission in Bosnia to NATO's Implementation Force..
1998 - Kosovo Liberation Army lead muslim Kosovo Albanians against Serb rule
- International pressure forced Serbia to give Kosovo independence in 2008
- UN International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) prosecuted war criminals
- Yugoslav civil war involved intra-state, ethnic conflict, genocide and ethnic cleaning, successful peacekeeping and diplomacy
- Peace = positive because not only has violence been stopped but since Yugoslavia broke up into different countries political stability has increased through democracy. More recently, Croatia and Slovenia joined the EU.
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - VENEZUELA
Socialist government of Maduro has been challenged by a populist movement under Juan Guaido
V has massive enormous oil reserves but much of this has been wasted by socialist government
Now has food and fuel shortages and economy is in ruins
Maduro is ruling with support of the army and is more extreme
Dangers of coup by army
V also owes billions in debt to the Chinese (50bn dollars)
China has large influence on use of V oil reserves
Pressure mounting on Maduro by other SE nations and EU/US to vacate government
Themes: ethnicity, borders, religion, human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state, intra-nation war, civil war
UNIT 1 POWER AND SOVEREIGNTY - RUSSIA AND BELARUS
Russia is primary supplier of oil and gas to Belarus
Belarus = entirely dependent on imports to meet its energy needs
Any time Minsk threatens to act against Moscow, Kremlin threatens to cut off its energy supplies
Minsk eventually complies, but ends up higher prices for natural gas imports.
Themes: borders, human rights, hard power, soft power, IGOs, international law, sovereignty, nation state
Smart power with Hezbollah
Hezbollah is mainly based in Lebanon
They use hard power against enemies
But they use smart power to gain the support of the general population through...
Building and running schools
Establishing and maintaining health care facilities
Participating in the Lebanese Parliament
Soft power in China
China.

Sovereignty
Nato in Kosovo
Occurred in 1999 (for 78 days)
95% of the population was Albanian Muslims
They tried to gain independence
Serbia then sent in troops and began ethnic cleansing
In response, NATO sent in 50,000 troops (following R2P)
Even though the UN security council was against it
Successfully stopped the ethnic cleansing
Additionally, NATO kept a force called KFOR in the country which kept the region peaceful → additional success for R2P
UN and NATO in Libya
Occurred in 2011 and lasted only 12 hours
Libyan dictator Moammar Gaddafi was accused of being corrupt → large protests were held to oust the government
UN and NATO got involved when Gaddafi started killing his own soldiers and protestors who were against him
They were allowed to do this because of R2P
After sanctions were imposed, a 12-hour long missile attack spree weakened the government to the point where rebels could kill Gaddafi
After Gaddafi was killed, ATO and the UN just left the country and didn't help rebuild
This left the country in a state of war as various groups fought over power
Made R2P ineffective
International Monetary Fund
An inter-governmental organization (UN is another example of IGO)
They work to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world
Loans come with conditions which lead to a decrease in a state's sovereignty
Amnesty International
A non-governmental organization
A global movement whose aim is to fight abuses of human rights
They are independent of any political ideology, economic interest or religion
Experts carry out accurate research into human rights violations by governments and others worldwide
They then use their analysis to influence and press governments, companies, and decision-makers to do the right thing
This decreases a state's sovereignty

CIA «fight against terror :
after the 9/11 terrorist attacks,
the US government carried out a "war on terror" which also consisted of the illegal detention
and torture of potential suspects, with the cooperation and complicity of European states.
This pattern of HR abuses continued
over the following three years. This is an example of violations of citizens' basic human
rights like "freedom from torture", "the right to a fair trial" & "the right to life" being violated.
Those serious State-sanctioned human rights violations occurred against the background of the so-called "war on terror".
FGM CEDAW:
- Treaty monitoring bodies such as the Convention on the Elimination of All
- Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) help address and attempt to eradicate
- this harmful practice through reports done every four years. They address the measures that
-- have to be complied with by specific states that are apart of the 192 signatories of the
treaty.CEDAW recommends action for every state on how they can end this practice.

Development
Inclusive institutions
A combination of the state and the free market
The state creates incentives for people to invest and innovate through guaranteeing private property rights and enforcing them
The state enables growth through providing education
The state is controlled by its citizens rather than "monopolized by a small elite"
The state maintains a monopoly on violence
CS: South Korea
After WW2 had the same income per capita as NK
Now, SK has 12 times more than NK
Investment is encouraged, innovation and export as well
Extractive institutions
Opposite of inclusive
Basically a dictator or small group of elites who stores their money in other countries
CS: North Korea
Started with the same income per capita as SK after WW2
Its repressive dictatorship doesn't provide incentives for economic growth
CS: The Apartheid in South Africa
The Afrikaans population made laws which essentially enslaved the majority-black population