Applied anatomy

• Major bones in your body

  Labelled diagram

  
• Articulating bones at Knee


  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Patella
• Articulating bones at Shoulder

  • Humerus
  • Scapula
• Articulating bones at Hip

  • Femur
  • Pelvis/Illium
• Articulating bones at Elbow

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
• Function of skeleton


  • Support/posture: Supports the weight of the upper body, holds the boy upright and provides a shaping framework
• Support/posture Practical example

  • Vertebral column supports the weight of the cranium and holds the body upright to keep good posture when a gymnast walks on a beam
• Function of skeleton


  • Protection: Protects the internal organs form damage or injury
• Protection Practical example


  • Cranium protects a footballers brain when heading a ball
• Function of skeleton


  • Movement: Provides areas for muscular attachment and forms lever systems
• Movement Practical example


  • Pectorals attach to the sternum and humerus, creating movement of the upper arm
• Function of skeleton


  • Blood cell production: Some large bones contain marrow, which produces blood cells
• Blood cell production Practical example

  • Red blood cells are produced and transport oxygen around the body when a cyclist is riding in a race
• Function of skeleton


  • Mineral storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium, potassium and iron, and slowly release them into the blood
• Mineral storage practical example

  • Calcium is essential to move our muscles and keep our bones healthy
• Synovial joint


  A freely movable joint where two or more bones articulate. They allow for a wide range of movement and have a joint capsule to strengthen the joint and synovial fluid to allow for friction free movement
• Types of synovial joints

  • Ball and socket joints (allow wide range of motion in 3 planes): Hip and shoulder
  • Hinge joints (allow movement in one plane): Knee and elbow
• Types of movements at hinge joints

  1. Flexion: A decrease in joint angle

  2. Extension: An increase in joint angle
• Practical example of flexion at knee

  • Downwards lowering phase of a squat
• Practical example of flexion at elbow

  • Upwards lifting phase of a bicep curl
• Practical example of extension at knee


  • Upwards lifting phase of a squat
• Practical example of extension at elbow

  • Downwards lowering phase of a bicep curl
• Types of movements at ball and socket joints

  1. Flexion: A decrease in joint angle (to the front of the body)

  2. Extension: An increase in joint angle (to the back of the body)

  3. Abduction: Movement away from the midline of your body (out to the side)

  4. Adduction: Movement towards the midline of your body (in the middle)

  5. Rotation: Movement around a limbs long axis (screwdriver action)

  6. Circumduction: A combination of movements allowing a continuous circular movement of a limb (arm circles)
• Practical example of flexion at hip


  • Execution phase of a rugby conversion kick
• Practical example of flexion at shoulder

  • Execution phase of an underarm throw
• Practical example of extension at hip

  • Preparation phase of a rugby conversion kick
• Practical example of extension at shoulder


  • Preparation phase (backswing) of an underarm throw
• Practical example of abduction at hip


  • Outward phase of a star jump
• Practical example of abduction at shoulder


  • Outward phase of a star jump
• Practical example of adduction at hip

  • Inward phase of a star jump
• Practical example of adduction at shoulder


  • Inward phase of a star jump
• Practical example of rotation at hip


  • Ballet dancer moving into first position
• Practical example of rotation at shoulder

  • Placing a spin on a tennis ball in a forehand groundstroke
• Practical example of circumduction at hip

  • Movement of the trail leg up and over a hurdle
• Practical example of circumduction at shoulder


  • Arm circles in a warm up
• Ligament


  Tissue which connects bone to bone and stabilises movements. They are strong bands of connective tissue, keep joints stable and prevent extreme movements that could lead to dislocation. For example, your ACL and cruciate ligaments (femur and tibia)
• Tendon


  Tissues which connects muscle to bone and transmits muscular forces to move bones. For example, your achilles tendon
• Cartilage


  Reduces friction and absorbs shock to protect a joint, tough and flexible connective tissue, protects bone surface
• Articular cartilage


  Covers the articulating surfaces of bones - it protects the bone by reducing friction
• White fibrocartilage


  Is found in areas of great stress, such as the knee or spine - it protects bones by absorbing shock and allows the bones to fit together smoothly