HOMEOSTASIS AND OSMOREGULATION

• Homeostasis is a state that is maintained by living organisms.
• In this process, an organism can maintain its stability and also help to increase the efficiency of any processes inside the body.

  Homeostasis
• Osmoregulation is a process in which the osmotic pressure of body fluids is regulated and maintained.
• Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady"

  refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain

  fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.
• The term homeostasis was coined in 1930 by the physician Walter Bradford Cannon. His book, The Wisdom of the Body, describes how the human body maintains steady levels of temperature and other vital

  conditions such as the water, salt, sugar, protein, fat, calcium,

  and oxygen contents of the blood.
• It can refer to how a person under stress and

  motivations can maintain a stable psychological condition.

  Homeostasis
• The human body uses several processes to control its temperature, keeping it close to an average value or norm of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius.
• Positive feedback is a response to change from the normal condition that increases the departure even more.
• Response of the body when temperature is hot (sweating) which cools the body by making more moisture on the skin available for evaporation. While, it is shivering when the temperature is cold.
• if a person's temperature is raised to about 107 degrees

  Fahrenheit, the negative feedback systems stop operating.
• Negative feedback arises out of balances between forces and factors that mutually influence each other.
• Negative feedback system is also known as inhibitory loop/negative feedback loop
• Oscillation is a common and necessary behavior of many systems.
• The ability of the body to self-regulate.

  Oscillation
• In a negative feedback loop, it increased output from the system control future production by the system. The body reduces the number of certain proteins or hormones it creates when its levels get too high.
• Negative feedback systems work to maintain relatively constant levels of output. 
• An organism can be thought of as a large volume of fluid surrounded by the body wall.
• Mammals must maintain both the concentration and volume of this internal fluid within a very narrow range and can only tolerate minor deviations.
• Process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membrane within the body.

  Osmoregulation
• Usually happens in skin cell and blood cell.

  Osmoregulation
• An example of this is the normal delivery of a baby, wherein oxytocin stimulates the muscle contractions that push the baby through the birth canal.


  Positive feedback system
• Osmoregulation describes how the internal water and electrolyte concentration of this internal environment is maintained.
• The fluids inside and surrounding cell composed of water, electrolytes, and non-electrolytes.
• Compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

  Electrolytes
• Main Electrolytes taken by the Body

  A) Sodium

  B) Chlorine

  C) Magnesium

  D) Calcium

  E) Potassium

  
• Another examples of electrolytes

  1. Sodium chloride
  2. Hydrochloric acid
  3. Sodium hydroxide
• Examples of Non-Electrolytes (separated by commas)

  A) Sugar, Alcohol, Oil

  
• Compounds that do not dissociate into ions in water

  Nonelectrolytes
• Three types of red blood cell tonicity

  Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic
• High concentration of salt rather than water that makes the cell shrink

  Hypertonic
• Equal concentration of water and salt in body's red blood cell

  Isotonic
• High concentration of water making the cell swell

  Hypotonic
• Biological mechanism responsible for maintaining a steady internal body temperature

  Thermoregulation
• Animals that do not have internal control of their body temperature are called ectotherms.
• The body temperature of these organisms is generally similar to the temperature of the environment, although the individual organisms may do things that keep their bodies slightly below or above the environmental temperature.

  Ectotherms
• Ectotherms are known to be...

  Cold-blooded animals
• An animal that maintains a constant body temperature in the face of environmental changes is called an endotherm
• Endotherms are also known as...

  Warm-blooded animals
• Ectotherms and endotherms use their circulatory systems to help maintain body temperature.
• Vasodilation, the opening up of arteries to the skin by relaxation of their smooth muscles, brings more blood and heat to the body surface, facilitating radiation and evaporative heat loss, cooling the body.