GC 1 Module 3

• Matter


  Any substance that has mass and occupies space
• Matter


  • All physical objects are composed of matter, in the form of atoms and molecules, which are in turn composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  Particles are closely packed together, maintaining a fixed shape and volume due to strong intermolecular forces
• Liquid


  Particles are more loosely packed than in solids, allowing them to move freely but remain close together due to weaker intermolecular forces
• Gas


  Particles are widely spaced, moving rapidly, and have little to no intermolecular forces
• Classification of matter


  • Pure substance
  • Mixture
• Pure substance


  Consists of a single type of particle with a consistent and definite composition throughout the sample
• Mixture


  Consists of two or more substances physically combined without forming new chemical bonds
• Homogeneous mixture


  • Saltwater
  • Air
• Heterogeneous mixture


  • Sand and water
  • Trail mix
• Properties of matter


  • Extensive properties
  • Intensive properties
  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Extensive properties


  Depend on the amount or size of a sample, reflecting the quantity of matter present
• Extensive properties


  • Mass
  • Volume
  • Length
• Intensive properties


  Independent of the amount of substance, providing insights into the intrinsic characteristics of matter
• Physical properties


  Involve only a change in physical state (a liquid to a solid) and no change in the identity of substances
• Chemical properties


  Involve a change in the identity of the substance making the matter
• Changes in matter


  • Physical change
  • Chemical change
• Physical change


  Alterations in the physical state or appearance of a substance without changing its chemical composition
• Physical changes


  • Melting
  • Boiling
  • Dissolution
• Chemical change


  Involve the formation of new substances with distinct chemical compositions and properties
• Chemical changes


  • Combustion
  • Oxidation
  • Neutralization
• Changes in matter often involve energy interactions, including absorption or release of heat, light, or other forms of energy
• Energy changes


  • Endothermic reactions
  • Exothermic reactions
  • Activation of energy
• Methods of separating mixtures

  • Filtration
  • Sieving
  • Centrifugation
  • Distillation
  • Crystallization
  • Sublimation