Looc

• Sow


  A mature female pig
• Boar


  A mature male pig
• Gilts


  A young female pig under 1 year of age
• Shoate


  A young pig of either sex weighing approx. 60kg

  
• Barrow


  A male pig castrated before secondary sex character develop
• Bases of Stock Selection

  • Physical
  • Performance
• Pig Performance

  Influenced 70% by Environment (Nutrition, Feeding, Housing, Health) and 30% by Genetic Potential
• Breed


  A group of animals that has specific traits or characteristics in common
• Philippine Native Pig


  • Small, solid black or black and white with small ears, sway back, weak pasterns, good mothering ability, prolific and resistant to adverse condition
• Large White (Yorkshire)


  • White, most widespread of the modern pigs, Good mothering ability and large litter size, medium sized erect ears, curved back inclining forward, slightly dished face, short and straight snout, superior in growth rates in all other types, Beaten by Meishan for its litter size, Top crossing sire

  
• Landrace


  • White in color, some have bluish-black spots, long body, large drooping ears, square shape ham, known for its mothering ability and prolificacy, has weak feet pasterns and legs
• Varieties of Landrace


  • Scandinavian (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, France)
  • Belgian, Dutch and German
• Scandinavian Landrace


  • Long bodied, quite lean, acceptably prolific, but not muscular, selected for bacon production, may be compared to large white in terms of size and performance
• Belgian, Dutch and German Landrace


  • White, lop eared, less prolific but noted for being more muscular and leaner meat, however prone to PSE
• Duroc


  • Golden brown to very dark red, Small forward ears 2/3 erect 1/3 hanging, Good body constitution, strong legs and very robust, Fast growing and can thrive to simple farming systems, Top crossing sire, Resistant to stress
• Berkshire


  • Black dual type pig with six white points, Dish shape face, short snout, and medium sized erect ears, An old British breed, Excellent quality carcass

  
• Pietrain


  • Piebald in color from Belgium, Erect ears, small and stocky and with large ham and loin muscles, Prone to PSS and PSE, Top crossing sire
• Hampshire


  • Black, white belted body from shoulder to front legs, Erect ears with strong short legs, Prolific, good mothering ability, adapted to rugged condition, Derived from Essex and Wessex of England
• Meishan


  • From China, black, slow growing pigs, With an average litter size of 14 piglets
• Hybrid


  A result of a combination of good traits among breeds, but it does not necessarily mean that the animal will perform better than their parents
• Hybrid Example


  • Nieuw Dalland is a result of a 4-way cross of: Large white, Pietrain, Daltrain, Large white
• Methods of Breeding


  • Natural Breeding
  • Artificial Insemination
• Natural Breeding - Hand or Controlled Mating


  The boar is brought to the sow or the sow to the boar
• Natural Breeding - Pen or Pasture Mating


  • The boar is mixed with a number of females during the breeding season, Less laborious and involves fewer costs in housing and equipment, Lack of recording and over-usage of boars are possible disadvantages
• Artificial Insemination


  The semen of the boar is deposited into the gilt/sow by the use of artificial penis or catheter, Main objective is to increase the use of good boars
• Inbreeding


  The mating of closely related animals, Maintains homozygosity or purity of genes, whether good or bad, Main objective is to establish uniform families or lines in a population
• Purebreeding


  The system of mating animals of the same breed, A kind of inbreeding but inbreeding depression or degeneration can be prevented if more animals (boars) will be used in the system
• Crossbreeding


  The system of mating two animals from different breeds, Introduces a gene combination that is different from that of the parents, Increases the heterozygosity of the population, Improves the general fitness and the adaptation of the animal to its environment
• Crossing Schemes


  • Single cross (2 way)
  • Three way cross (3 breeds)
  • Four way cross (double cross of 4 breeds)
• Upgrading


  A system where one breed is changed or graded up by continued crossing, Widely used to upgrade native stocks with improved breeds
• Litter Index (L.I.)


  Refers to the number of times an animal farrows in a year, Can be calculated per animal or on a herd level, L.I. = 365 / Length of one production cycle
• A sow with a 151 days production cycle will have a litter index of 2.42
• Gilts


  Should be given at least a maximum of 9 ½ months; if they are not yet bred they should be culled immediately
• Litter Index (L.I.)


  Refers to the number of times an animal farrows in a year. It can be calculated per animal or on a herd level.
• Production cycle


  Refers to the length in days between two successive farrowings. The number of days between successive weanings and successive productive inseminations can also be used. The shorter the production cycle the better, because this tells us that our animals are producing more per year. Sometimes also called as farrowing interval.
• A good sow is expected to have a production cycle of 151 days
• Number of reared Piglets Per Litter


  Refers to the number of pigs weaned and calculated as: Reared Piglets/Li. = (Piglets Born Alive +,-Fostered)-Mortality
• Piglets Weaned per Sow per Year (PWSY)


  Refers to the number of reared piglets produced by a sow per year and calculated as: PWSY = L.I. x Reared piglets/Li.
• Services/Litter


  Refers to the number of times a sow is bred before it farrows. It can also be expressed in % and is called Farrowing rate. Calculated as: Services/Litter = No. of Sows bred / No. of Sows farrow, Farrowing rate = no. of sows farrow / no. of sows bred x 100
• %Stillborn


  Refers to the percentage of born dead piglets. Calculated as: %Stillborn = (total born Dead Piglets/total born piglets)*100