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• Position Paper


  Critical examination of position or stance, using facts and inductive reasoning, which addresses both the strength and weaknesses of the author's position
• Position Paper

  Offers a debatable viewpoint and persuasion on a topic
• Position Paper


  Gives arguments that support the opinion
• Types of Evidences


  • Factual Knowledge
  • Statistical Inferences
  • Informed Opinion
  • Personal Testimony
• Factual Knowledge


  Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone
• Statistical Inferences


  Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts
• Informed Opinion


  Opinion developed through research and expertise of the claim
• Personal Testimony


  Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party
• Parts of Position Paper

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• General Statement


  Presents a big idea of concept expressed in a wider context
• Thesis Statement


  More specific yet brief declaration of the argument, composed of an argument, proving claims by presenting counterclaims, reasons, or evidences
• Claim


  Idea in the argument that suggests, proves, or persuades
• Types of Claims


  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Value
  • Claim of Policy
• Claim of Fact


  Asserts that what is stated is true or not, it is not necessarily factual but only claims to be
• Claim of Value


  Asserts what a certain subject is like based on a subjective quality such as being morally good, aesthetically pleasing, or the opposites of such
• Claim of Policy


  Asserts what should be done, usually a declaration or suggestion of an action that needs to be done
• Reason


  Why the claim is presented
• Evidence


  Support to the reason/s given to prove the claim
• Science is the systematized body of knowledge that is continuously developing through research, observation and experimentation
• Scientific Report


  Academic writing explaining a technical or scientific research, characterized by attention to detail, reliance on test procedures, objective analysis, document research, careful report and observations based on evidence, focuses on the process, development, and outcome, gives recommendations to supplement the explanation and improve the scientific process
• Parts of Scientific Report

  • Title Page
  • Table of Contents
  • Abstract
  • Introduction & Literature Review
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendices
• Abstract


  Stand-alone summary, provides a comprehensive synopsis, written document that is sufficient by itself, where you can briefly discuss your reasons for doing research- process/ methods used, and results, do not discuss the related literature or research similar to yours
• Introduction & Literature Review

  Contextualizes the research for the readers, includes the purpose of your research, description of the problem, similar researches that had been conducted before, general design of your method, research hypothesis/ theory that will be tested
• Methodology


  Answers the questions: What was the process? How was it done?
• Results


  Provides a concise explanation of what happened, includes pictures, tables and graphs and interpretation of the visual graphics
• Discussion


  Explains the results of your scientific research, answers the question: What do the findings mean? Explains their implications or what the report means in a larger context, interpretation should be backed up by actual observation and data, acknowledges errors in the findings and what caused them
• Conclusion


  Should be brief but substantial not longer than the Discussion section, links your findings with the points raised in the Introduction, emphasizes your findings in relation to your objectives
• Survey


  Consists of a series of questions used to gather information, a tool used by companies and organizations to provide a demographic profile
• Survey Report


  Type of academic report that uses research to provide information about a topic, involves questions that are formulated based on the research objective, is a summary of responses
• Types of Survey Questionnaire

  • Demographic Questions
  • Rating Scale
  • Likert Scale
  • Multiple Choice Questions
  • Open-ended Questions
• Graphic Organizers


  • Graphs
  • Charts
  • Diagrams
• Field Report


  Detailed document that provides information, observations, and analysis about a specific event, situation, or phenomenon observed in the field, focusing on writing assignments requiring observation and analysis, typically written by researchers, journalists, or professionals who have conducted on-site investigations
• Uses of Field Reports

  Gather data more easily through immersion in actual situations, understand important concepts better by observing, analyzing, and reflecting on how these concepts are applied in authentic situations outside the school setting or workplace, enhance your ability to describe persons, places, or events
• Structure of a Field Report

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• The Introduction of a Field Report provides contextualization or background information on the purpose of the fieldwork and outlines the objectives or research questions, and explains the rationale or objectives
• The Body of a Field Report is where the highlights of the event can be found, and includes the Methodology, Findings, and Analysis
• The Conclusion of a Field Report is used to piece together the report, and includes the Summary, Recommendations, and Limitations
• Guidelines for Writing Field Report

  • Strive to make your field report engaging
  • Make your report come alive using vivid descriptions
  • Make sure that your report leads to a thought-provoking insight
  • Guarantee honesty and transparency with the events or data
  • Explain jargons