Elizabeth I: Foreign Policy

• 1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis - English military involvement in France ended. France to keep Calais for 8 years then return it, failure to do so would incur 500,000 crowns as compensation.
• Scotland: 1559 Protestant revolt against Scottish and French Regents (Mary married to new King Francis II of France). Protestants aided by £5,000 and 8,000 troops after Treaty of Berwick in 1560. Opposed by 9,500 French Troops.
• 1560: Treaty of Edinburgh - French and English troops withdrawn. Mary recognised Elizabeth and allowed freedom of Worship for all.

  Francis II dies - replaced by Charles IX + Regent Catherine de' Medici, who expels Mary to Scotland
• 1562: French Religious War begins. Elizabeth reluctantly agrees to help Huguenots. Treaty of Richmond gave a 140,000 crown loan and 3,000 troops to help Huguenots. In return, England would get Calais.
• 1563: Catholics and Huguenots united to expel English
• 1564: Treaty of Troyes: All English involvement in Religious Wars ended. Calais lost for 120,000 Crowns
• 1561: Mary assumes the role of Queen of Scotland.

  1565-6: Marries Lord Darnley. Rumoured affair with David Rizzio. Lord Darnley had him murdered whilst Rizzio was dining with Mary, who was already pregnant with James VI and I
• 1567: Darnley strangled and blown up (!?!?)

  Mary married Earl of Bothwell, both implicated in Darnley's murder and forced to abdicate.

  Replaced by Protestant Regent Earl of Murray
• 1559: Offer of marriage from Philip II to Elizabeth - ignored
• 1562: Philip protested Elizabeth's support of Huguenots
• 1563: English cloth banned from Spanish Netherlands, Elizabeth responds with trade embargo. Both backed down in 1564.
• 1566: Dutch Civil War. Philip sent 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alba
• 1568: 400,000 Florins destined for Duke of Alba confiscated by Elizabeth. Alba confiscated all English Ships in Netherlands and Spain, Elizabeth initiated another Embargo
• 1568: Hawkins disrupts Spain's trade in the Caribbean.

  Philip expels England's Ambassador from Madrid
• 1570: Elizabeth excommunicated. Philip encouraged plots against her. She considered marrying the Duke of Anjou.
• 1571: Philip and Spanish Ambassador implicated in the Ridolfi Plot, De Spes (Ambassador) Expelled
• 1572: Expulsion of Sea Beggars, Treaty of Blois - Franco-English defensive alliance against Spain.

  Dutch rebels seize Brill
• 1576: Pacification of Ghent - Dutch Provinces united to expel Spain
• 1579: Union of Utrecht (Northern and Protestant) vs. Union of Arras (Southern and Catholic, Supported by Spain and Duke of Parma)
• 1580: Philip II inherited Portuguese Crown, Elizabeth favoured Don Antonio
• 1581: Elizabeth funded Dutch Rebels against Parma
• 1584: William of Orange assassinated

  Spanish Ambassador Mendoza expelled over Throckmorton Plot

  Treaty of Joinville: French Catholic League sign treaty with Spain
• 1585: Treaty of Nonsuch: 7,000 troops sent under Leicester to aid Rebels.
• 1587: Singeing of the King of Spain's Beard - Drake's attacks on Spanish Ships at Cádiz
• 1588: Armada leaves A Coruña heading for Gravelines.

  Battle of Gravelines - Earl of Nottingham ordered ships to be set alight and launched at the Spanish fleet under Medina Sidonia. Did little damage but frightened them, they cut anchors and were blown into the north sea. Tried to sail around but 2/3 ships wrecked.
• 1589: Francis Drake led 15,000 men + 130 ships to Portugal but failed.

  Huguenot Henri IV ascended French throne, potential ally
• 1590: Duke of Parma invaded France
• 1591: Sir Richard Grenville and men killed by Spanish fleet. English bullion raids became less effective.
• 1592: Essex's force sent to help the French fails
• 1594: Spanish expelled from Northern Netherlands
• 1595: Drake and Hawkins dead at sea, Three attacks on Spain and colonies
• 1596: Nottingham, Raleigh and Essex led 80,000 men to Cádiz. Destroyed 50 ships and seized city but could not follow it up and failed. Second Spanish Armada battered by Storms. Philip II bankrupt.
• 1597: Essex and Raleigh raid Spain again, fail
• 1598: Treaty of Vervins - Peace between Spain and France.

  Philip II dies
• Elizabeth had been spending double the normal revenue, allegedly through sale of Crown Lands and Monopolies
• Prince Eric of Sweden, Dudley, Anjou considered as suitors
• James VI of Scotland named as successor eventually, Elizabeth died in March 1603.