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Edexcel GCSE Chemistry
Bonding and Types of Substance
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Ions
Charged particles formed when atoms
lose
or
gain
electrons
Ionic bonds
Forces of
attraction
that hold atoms together when
bonds
form
Energy
is released from the atoms, making them more stable
Less
reactive
Noble gases
Atoms with a
full
outer electron shell, the most
stable
atoms
Formation of sodium chloride
1. Sodium atom
loses
electron
2. Chlorine atom
gains
electron
3.
Ions
form
4. Ionic
bond
forms
Dot and
cross
diagrams can be used to show what happens when
ions
are formed
Cations
Positive
ions formed when metal atoms
lose
electrons
Anions
Negative
ions formed when non-metal atoms
gain
electrons
Electrostatic
forces
Forces of attraction between
oppositely charged
objects that hold ions together in an
ionic
bond
Atoms that easily form
ions
will have either a nearly full or a nearly empty outer
electron shell
Ion formation in groups 1, 2, 6 and 7
Group 1:
1
electron lost,
1+
charge
Group 2:
2
electrons lost,
2+
charge
Group 6:
2
electrons gained,
2-
charge
Group 7:
1
electron gained,
1-
charge
Formation of magnesium oxide ionic bond
1.
Magnesium
atom
loses
2 electrons
2.
Oxygen
atom
gains
2 electrons
3.
Ionic
bond forms
Aluminium atom loses
3
electrons when its
ion
is formed
Bromine
is in group
7
of the periodic table
Bromide
ion has the same number of
electrons
as a bromine atom
Bromide
ion
Bromine
atom that has gained
1
electron
Hydrogen ion (
H+
) is just a
proton
Potassium
(K) in group
1
forms a 1+ ion
Selenium (Se) in group 6 forms a
2-
ion
Sulfur
atom contains
16
protons
Sulfur
atom forms
S2-
ions
Ionic lattice
Regular repeating arrangement of
oppositely
charged ions held together by strong
electrostatic
forces
Ionic
compounds form
crystals
due to their regular lattice structure
There are
seven
basic
crystal
structures
Ionic
compounds are
electrically neutral
, with the same number of positive and negative charges
Working out
ionic
formulae
Use ion
charges
to determine the number of each ion needed for electrical
neutrality
Polyatomic
ions are groups of two or more atoms that have become
charged
Compound names ending in
-ate
contain
oxygen
Compound names ending in
-ide
do not contain
oxygen
Ionic compounds contain
ions
, not
atoms
or molecules
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely
charged ions
Require
high
energy to overcome, resulting in
high
melting and boiling points
Highly
charged ions (e.g. Mg2+) attract other
ions
more strongly,
increasing
melting point
Ionic
compounds conduct electricity when
molten
or in aqueous solution, but not in solid state
Anode
Positive
electrode that attracts
negative
ions (anions)
Cathode
Negative
electrode that attracts
positive
ions (cations)
It is the movement of ions that enables
ionic
compounds to conduct electricity, not
electrons
Magnesium
oxide
is
insoluble
in water
Covalent bonds
Strong bonds formed by the
sharing
of pairs of
electrons
between atoms
Molecular
substances contain groups of atoms that are held together by
strong
bonds called covalent bonds
Molecular formula
Shows the number of
atoms
of each
element
in a molecule
Molecular
formulae
CHNO
CHMO
HO
CHO
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