Gen Bio 1

• Spontaneous Generation


  Hypothesis that living things arise from non-living material
• Spontaneous Generation was a concept proposed by Aristotle around mid-300 B.C. and was widely accepted for a long period of time
• Spontaneous Generation beliefs


  • Maggots arose from decaying meat
  • Lice formed from sweat
  • Frogs originated from mud
• Biogenesis


  Concept that life originated only from pre-existing life
• Disproving Spontaneous Generation


  1. Francesco Reidi's experiment with jars of decaying meat, one covered with gauze

  2. Flies arose from the open jar, so Reidi concluded that maggots arose from the eggs of flies
• Louis Pasteur's experiment


  Placed a fermented sugar solution and yeast mixture in a flask with a long swan neck, boiled it, left it open, and broke off the neck of a control flask
• Endosymbiotic Theory


  Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes, and some organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) were originally prokaryotes in a symbiotic relationship
• Symbiotic relationship


  Where both elements or organisms benefit from one another
• Manifestations of Life


  • Structural
  • Functional
• Metabolism


  Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism, all of which require energy
• Types of Nutrition


  • Autotrophic
  • Heterotrophic
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs
  • Saprotrophs
• Types of Respiration


  • Mechanical respiration
  • Cellular respiration (anaerobic and aerobic)
• Biosynthesis


  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Development
• Self-perpetuation


  Organisms reproduce to pass on their genetic traits
• Homeostasis


  The ability to remain the same even with short-term environmental changes, keeping the internal environment within the ranges required for life
• Organism responses


  • Respond to stimuli (temperature, water, food, etc.) in order to survive and reproduce
  • Irritability/sensibility (tropism)
• Types of Reproduction


  • Sexual (two parents, egg fertilized by sperm, offspring different from parent)
  • Asexual (single organism or cell, cell divides, offspring identical to parent)
• Heredity


  The passing of genetic materials like DNA from parents to offspring, explaining the unity of life
• Adaptation


  Response allows organism to react to changes in their surroundings, including locomotion/motility and irritability
• Cell


  Structural and functional units of living body, the smallest structure able to carry out the basic functions of life
• How cells were discovered

  1. Robert Hooke first discovered cells while viewing cork specimen

  2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek's invention of a better microscope led to the study of living cells
• Cell Theory principles


  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • Cell is the structural unit of all living organisms
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells
• Rudolph Virchow showed that cells self-reproduce, contributing to the third principle of the cell theory
• R.H. Dutrochet presented the first clear statement that all living things are composed of cells
• Robert Brown, an English botanist, discovered the presence of nuclei within cells
• Purkinje, a Bohemian, coined the term "protoplasm" to refer to the living part of cells
• Felix Dujardin noted that all living cells contain protoplasm
• Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, supplied the proof for Virchow's theory of biogenesis
• Organelles


  Structures with a membrane that perform a variety of functions such as protein production, storage of materials, harvesting energy, and digestion of substances
• Endomembrane system organelles


  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Vacuole
  • Lysosome
• Energy-related organelles


  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondrion
• Cytoskeleton components


  • Actin Filaments
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubules
• Cell types


  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic cell


  Simplest type of cells, lacking membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, with a single, circular or coiled chromosome, surrounded by cell wall and cell membrane
• Eukaryotic cell


  More complex type of cells, found in multicellular organisms, with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles
• Plant cell organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
  • Starch granules
• Animal cell organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Centriole
  • Pinocyte
• Cell modification


  Features or structures of a cell that make it different from another type of cell and enable it to carry out unusual functions
• Plant and animal cells are specialized to be able to carry out their tasks efficiently, with particular adaptations to their structure to suit their function
• Cell cycle


  An orderly sequence of stages that takes place from the time a eukaryotic cell divides to the time the resulting daughter cells also divide, with two main parts: Interphase and M Phase