child development

• Lemming will take place. This is how children learn new words
• Macrosphere is a further layer towards control of the child and their formulas, but it still harms
• HERINE ON HR Comer Supremes. It is about the economic and cultural situation of the community and society in which the child is growing up
• Government cores cuts to the funding of preschool places, in which offers whether the parents can work or not
• Bronfenbrenner proposed that child's development has to be seen in the context of the actual environment that the child experiences (ecological sum)
• Microsystem


  Settings which the child has strong direct connections
• Microsystem: child has multiple microsystems, one will be family home, another may be nursery
• Mesosystem


  Connections & times when two or more of the child's microsystems come together in same now
• Exosystem: one step beyond the child's immediate experiences, but more on import on what happens in the microsystems & microsystems
• Chronosystem provides the context in terms of the "history" of both the society and the child's life
• As a child gets older, it is easier for them to be separated from their main caregiver. This is because they have formed other relationships with significant other children
• Babies and young children find separation from main caregiver very challenging
• Separation anxiety


  Child's distressed reaction to separation from main attachment figure
• Child should receive the continuous care of this single most important attachment figure for approximately the first 2 years of life
• Prolonged separation from main attachment figure in first 3-4 weeks of life can cause long term psychological damage
• Inner working model


  The child's attachment relationships with their primary caregiver leads to the development of an inner working model
• Attachment between a baby and their caregiver provides the child with an inner working model or template for future relationships
• Bowlby challenged the view that attachment is based on learned association, arguing that attachment is a distinctive behaviour pattern
• Bowlby suggested that a child should initially form only one main attachment figure
• Attachment figure acts as a secure base for exploring the world. Disrupting attachment can have severe impacts
• Secure attachment


  Child who is securely attached to caregiver will explore freely while caregiver is present, engage with strangers, be upset when caregiver departs, and happy to see them return
• Anxious-avoidant insecure attachment


  Child will avoid or ignore the caregiver and show little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns
• Anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment


  Child will cling or ignore the caregiver and show a lot of emotion when the caregiver departs or returns
• Ainsworth's strange situation procedure to assess child's attachment style
• Skinner believed that children learn language through positive reinforcement of their vocalizations and imitation of speech sounds
• Skinner noted that parents tend to reward infant vocalizations by giving the infant attention, which increases the frequency of vocalizations
• The child will not progress from babbling to language unless the parents shape the child's language behaviour
• Operant conditioning


  Learning through consequences, such as positive reinforcement increasing likelihood of behaviour being repeated, and negative reinforcement removing unpleasant stimuli
• Unpredictable reinforcement schedules are more effective than continuous reinforcement, as it teaches the learner not to expect a reward every time
• Skinner was a behavioural psychologist. He suggests that we learn through consequence of words and punishment
• Positive reinforcement


  When a behavior leads to the provision of a reward, this increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
• Negative reinforcement


  When a behavior leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, this increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
• Negative reinforcement is not always a good idea. If you take them away, they will seek a sticker in a few hours and it will lessen the effect
• Excessive reinforcement to the child may outweigh the behaviour to its environment
• Theory of operant conditioning

  In negative reinforcement, a person or behavior is reinforced by avoiding, escaping, or reducing an aversive outcome or stimulus
• Chomsky believes that children are born with an innate ability to learn any human language
• Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

  Chomsky's term for the innate ability children have to learn language without formal instruction
• Chomsky points out that a child cannot possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly ungrammatical, broken up
• In the absence of formal language instruction, children will develop a system of communication to meet their needs
• Vygotsky's zone of proximal development


  The difference between what a learner can do with and without assistance