History

• A Patrician is a social class of wealthy powerful land owners that formed a ruling class in the Roman Republic
• A Plebeian is a member of the lower class of the Roman Republic, who were not allowed to vote in the Senate which were made up of minor land owners and small farmers
• The results of the first punic war were: Carthage was defeated, gave up rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans, Sicily became the first Roman province.
• Hannibal, the greatest of the Carthaginian generals, struck back, beginning the Second Punic War, which lasted from 218 to 201 B.C.
• the Romans decided to meet Hannibal head-on. It was a serious mistake. Hannibal's force devastated a Roman army, killing as many as 40,000 men.
• Hannibal remained free to roam in Italy, he had neither the men nor the equipment to attack the major cities.
• The results of the second punic war: Hannibal's forces, ended the war. Carthage lost Spain, which became a Roman province. Rome had become the dominant power in the western Mediterranean.
• During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five "good emperors,"
• Diocletian who ruled from 284 to 305, divided it into four units known as prefectures.
• Constantines biggest project was the construction of a new

  capital city in the east.
• Diocletian issued a price edict in 301 that set wage and price controls for the empire.
• State two factors that led to the decline of Rome. (plagues)  and military weakness (from them hiring Germans to fight in their wars). 
• The merchants and artisans of the Middle Ages in new cities later came to be called burghers, or bourgeoisie                           
•  By the 1100s, a regular trade had developed between Flanders and Italy.
• The Duke of Normandy; William of Normandy
• This year the Battle of Hastings took place: 1066
• The language spoken by the Normans

  English
• The ruler was defeated at the battle of Hastings


  King Harold
• Iron was crucial in making the carruca, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare. 
• The Carolingian Empire began to fall apart soon after Charlemagne's death in 814.                         
• They were a Germanic people, whose great love of adventure and search for spoils of war and new avenues of trade may have led them to invade other areas of Europe.

  Vikings
• One of the major characteristics of Feudalism was the idea of vassalage. 
•  In the feudal system people began to turn to local landed aristocrats, or nobles, to protect them. 
• A covered market in Islamic cities.

  Bazaar
• A gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife.

  Dowry
• An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of stars. 

  Astrolobe
• A geometric pattern repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration. 

  Arabesque
•  When and where was Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) born?

  Makkah to a merchant family 570 CE
• What were the major contribution of Islamic scholars? 

  contributions to math, and natural science and astrology 
• Papal Church gained control of territories in central Italy, came to be known as the Papal States
• When an individual became a Church official, he was given a Ring and staff
• Who claimed the Pope was truly God’s vicar on earth and the Pope’s authority extended over all the Christian world including the rulers. 

  Pope Gregory VII
• The struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was known as 

  Investiture Controversy
• Under this a bishop in Germany was first elected by Church officials, then paid homage to the king as his lord and return the king invested him with the symbol of temporal office. 

  Concordat of Worms
• The Dominican

  order founded by Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman Dominic wanted to defend Church teachings from heresy. 
• Many English nobles resented the ongoing growth of the king's power and rebelled during the reign of King John. In 1215, John was forced by the nobles to put his seal on a document of rights called the

  Magna Carta
• Philip IV was called Philip the Fair. He created the three estates or order.
• Otto I the best-known Saxon king brought the church under his control, in return for protecting the pope was crowned emperor of the Romans in 962. 
• His main goal was to establish a strong centralized state in Italy. He too was involved in a struggle with the pope and the subjects of northern Italian cities. 

  Frederick II
• In 843 the Carolingian Empire was divided into 3 sections