Upward communication

• Downward communication


  The usual movement of communication in an organization, from a person of higher rank to a person of lower rank
• Executives use colorful booklets, sophisticated multi-media presentation, and well-planned employee meetings for downward communication
• Downward communication tends to get the attention of the employee but fail to achieve understanding
• Upward communication


  The message comes from a person of lower rank to a person of higher rank
• Business Letter


  • Professional Format
  • Standard 8 1/2 by 11 inches typing paper
  • Center the letter on the page
  • Single-spaced sentences in a paragraph
  • Double space between valutation and body, and between body and paragraphs
  • Leave at least four spaces between complimentary close and typed name
  • Fold the letter in thirds and insert in a standard business envelope
• Subject Line


  Highlights the subject of the letter
• Name and Signature


  The full name of the sender is typed four spaces below the complimentary close with a handwritten signature
• Copies


  If copies of the letter are being sent to other persons, a carbon copy notation is added two lines below the last notation
• Postscript


  A last minute, casual addition to the letter, rarely used in business letters
• Typist


  If someone other than the author types the letter, the typist's initials appear after the author's with a colon
• Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors within an organization that influence how people interact and work together.
• Nativization


  The prowess through which a language undergoes new phonological, morphological, syntactical, semantic and other changes to become a native language for new speakers
• Nativization theory


  A language acquisition paradigm proposed by Roger Andersen
• Nativization theory


  • Characterised by assimilation, where a learner seeks to align input to their own idea of the L2 system
  • Characterised by accommodation, where the learner attends to an internal norm
• Language acquisition in nativization theory

  1. Nativization

  2. Denativization
• Denativization


  The process where the learner tries to adapt their interlanguage to the target language input, using inferencing strategies to reshape their interlanguage based on an "external norm"
• Pidginization


  The development of a simplified language as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common
• Depidginization


  The process where a pidgin becomes the native speech of the community
• Acculturation


  The integration of a second language learner into the target language community culture
• Acculturation model by John Schumann

  • Proposes social variables and psychological variables that affect the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group
  • The degree of acculturation controls the degree to which the learner acquires the second language
• Social variables


  • Political, cultural, technical, or economic superiority/inferiority of the L2 learner group to the target language group
  • Assimilation, preservation, or adaptation of the L2 learner group
  • Degree of enclosure, or sharing of social constructs between the L2 learner group and target language group
• Cohesiveness


  4)
• If the FFL group is cohesive


  • It will tend to remain separate from the TV grave EGO Boundarie
  • Jize
• Degree to which


  Membership in a target bom
• If the ELL group is longe

  The introgroup contact will be more frequent than contoh to snelles with the π group
• Congruence


  If the two culhance are similar, rocial contact w potentically more likely and Letter sution on will be more easily facilitated
• Attitude


  If the ELL and TL groups have positive attitudes toward each other, Le learning all early facilitated
• Intended length of residence

  When the L2 group members wish to stay in the target language environment for the world, the acquisition process and motivation to team will be mure Vitaly to
• Psychological variables included in Schumann's model

  • Language chuck
  • Cultural shock
  • Motivation
  • Ego
• If language chuck and culture shock are not overcome, the learner will be unable to associate with the members of the language skills to identify him or her as a member the grie
• Motivational Tendencies


  • Integrative motivation
  • Instrumental motivation
• Integrative motivation


  Is interested in acquiring a recond language in order to mee and communicate with valued members of the target language community
• Instrumental motivation


  Is one who has little interest in the members of the barget beach community but wants to learn the target language for more velp-oriented reasons, as furthering career opportunities or earn more money
• EGO Boundaries


  A degree to which, on LP Hearner is ready to except new ident by resulting from the membership in a target language community to moon is to ho binete inclytopred sit of not to lot of ring
• Schurmanin did not specify the combination and for levels of social and prychological factors to predict language outcome
• Social and pretulionical factory can be closed to account for learner's 19 acquisitions, and its is impossible to determine what is the must significant one of these factors or the degree to which one factor contributes to the acquisitions
• Schumann did not explain how these factors affect the rate oplattornment
• Object permanence


  Is another phenoments often cited in relation to the cognitive theory. During the year of life, children seem unanicure of the existence of objects they cannot see
• Subsequent studies have revealed infants on young as 3.5 months appear to und communicative fo object permanence
• Levels of language


  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Semantics
  • Syntax