UCSP FINALS

• Different types of societies

  1. Hunting & Gathering Societies
  2. Horticultural
  3. Pastoral
  4. Agricultural
  5. Industrial
  6. Post - industrial
• The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence is Hunting and Gathering
• Hunting and Gathering societies produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals & gather plants & vegetation for food.
• In Hunting and gathering societies, men are tasked to hunt large animal game like deer, elk, etc while women are responsible for the collection of vegetation, berries & small edible crops. Men and women are equal
• Hunting and gathering societies rely on nature for their food, they frequently move & don't have permanent settlements
• They are nomadic societies, hunters and gatherers lives in caves & pits or underground houses (Hunting and Gathering societies)
• Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering societies.
• Horticultural societies developed 10,000 years ago and they are described as semisedentary societies because they do not frequently move
• Horticultural societies produce and use simple forms of hand tools to plant crops
• In horticultural societies, there is a surplus of food. food supply is more than enough to feed the members of society. some of it members engage in making crafts & trading.
• Pastoral Societies developed around 10,000 yrs ago. Subsistence of pastoralists is animal domestication.
• Pastoral Societies are animal herders & subsist based on the resources provided by their animals
• Pastoral Societies have settlements but do not stay in one place permanently. Both horticultural and pastoral societies have unequal social relations because some members act as the ruling elite
• Agricultural Societies began 5,000 yrs ago
• Agricultural Societies started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice & millet between 8,000 & 3500 BCE
• During this time human began to farm domesticate animals as their form of subsistence (Agricultural Societies)
• During Neolithic Revolution, Agricultural societies developed & increase population into millions. They settled permanently and improved the technology for farming.
• The development of Agriculture (Agricultural Societies) also led to an increase in social inequality. Few members become elites & acted as owners of lands and other resources (Neolithic Evolution)
• During the Industrial Revolution, new sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms of technology were applied & machineries were invented
• In the post-industrial era production "centers on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, and apply ideas and information"
• Post-Industrial societies


  • Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service
  • Significant increase in the number of professional and technical employment and a decline in the number of skilled & semiskilled workers
  • Education as the basis of social mobility
  • Human capital as an essential aspect of understanding the strength of society
  • Application of "intellectual technology" based on the application of mathematics & linguistics & use of algorithms & software programming models
  • Focus on communication infrastructure
  • Knowledge as source of invention & innovation
• A civilization develops because of a society's highly advanced level of culture, social organization, political developments, judicial systems, arts & other forms of culture at a particular time
• Characteristics of Civilizations (important characteristics) :

  • Developed & highly advanced cities
  • Well-defined city centers
  • Complex & systematic institutions
  • Organized and centralized system of government
  • Formalized and complex form of religion
  • Job specialization
  • Development of social classes
  • Implementation of large-scale public works & infrastructure
  • Sophisticated & detailed forms of arts & architecture
  • Advanced technology
  • System of writing and recording
• Political leaders of early civilization are tasked to do:

  1. Craft laws
  2. Implement laws
  3. Impose justice & punishment
  4. Collect taxes
  5. Sometimes acts as a religious leader as well
• The four major civilization

  • Sumerian Civilization (Tigris and Euphrates River in West Asia)
  • Indus Valley Civilization (Indus River Valley in India)
  • Shang Civilization (Huang ho/ Huang he River in China)
  • Egyptian Civilization (Nile River in Egypt)