UCSP FINALS

    Cards (25)

    • Different types of societies
      1. Hunting & Gathering Societies
      2. Horticultural
      3. Pastoral
      4. Agricultural
      5. Industrial
      6. Post - industrial
    • The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence is Hunting and Gathering
    • Hunting and Gathering societies produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals & gather plants & vegetation for food.
    • In Hunting and gathering societies, men are tasked to hunt large animal game like deer, elk, etc while women are responsible for the collection of vegetation, berries & small edible crops. Men and women are equal
    • Hunting and gathering societies rely on nature for their food, they frequently move & don't have permanent settlements
    • They are nomadic societies, hunters and gatherers lives in caves & pits or underground houses (Hunting and Gathering societies)
    • Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering societies.
    • Horticultural societies developed 10,000 years ago and they are described as semisedentary societies because they do not frequently move
    • Horticultural societies produce and use simple forms of hand tools to plant crops
    • In horticultural societies, there is a surplus of food. food supply is more than enough to feed the members of society. some of it members engage in making crafts & trading.
    • Pastoral Societies developed around 10,000 yrs ago. Subsistence of pastoralists is animal domestication.
    • Pastoral Societies are animal herders & subsist based on the resources provided by their animals
    • Pastoral Societies have settlements but do not stay in one place permanently. Both horticultural and pastoral societies have unequal social relations because some members act as the ruling elite
    • Agricultural Societies began 5,000 yrs ago
    • Agricultural Societies started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice & millet between 8,000 & 3500 BCE
    • During this time human began to farm domesticate animals as their form of subsistence (Agricultural Societies)
    • During Neolithic Revolution, Agricultural societies developed & increase population into millions. They settled permanently and improved the technology for farming.
    • The development of Agriculture (Agricultural Societies) also led to an increase in social inequality. Few members become elites & acted as owners of lands and other resources (Neolithic Evolution)
    • During the Industrial Revolution, new sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms of technology were applied & machineries were invented
    • In the post-industrial era production "centers on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, and apply ideas and information"
    • Post-Industrial societies
      • Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service
      • Significant increase in the number of professional and technical employment and a decline in the number of skilled & semiskilled workers
      • Education as the basis of social mobility
      • Human capital as an essential aspect of understanding the strength of society
      • Application of "intellectual technology" based on the application of mathematics & linguistics & use of algorithms & software programming models
      • Focus on communication infrastructure
      • Knowledge as source of invention & innovation
    • A civilization develops because of a society's highly advanced level of culture, social organization, political developments, judicial systems, arts & other forms of culture at a particular time
    • Characteristics of Civilizations (important characteristics) :
      • Developed & highly advanced cities
      • Well-defined city centers
      • Complex & systematic institutions
      • Organized and centralized system of government
      • Formalized and complex form of religion
      • Job specialization
      • Development of social classes
      • Implementation of large-scale public works & infrastructure
      • Sophisticated & detailed forms of arts & architecture
      • Advanced technology
      • System of writing and recording
    • Political leaders of early civilization are tasked to do:
      1. Craft laws
      2. Implement laws
      3. Impose justice & punishment
      4. Collect taxes
      5. Sometimes acts as a religious leader as well
    • The four major civilization
      • Sumerian Civilization (Tigris and Euphrates River in West Asia)
      • Indus Valley Civilization (Indus River Valley in India)
      • Shang Civilization (Huang ho/ Huang he River in China)
      • Egyptian Civilization (Nile River in Egypt)