MATH MX8

• Statistics


  The science of collecting, organizing, interpreting and analyzing data
• Key aspects of statistics

  • Collecting data
  • Analyzing data
  • Organizing data
  • Interpreting data
• Methods of collecting data

  • Observation
  • Survey
  • Interview
  • FGD (Focus Group Discussion)
• Observation


  The process of collecting data by watching and recording different variables in a systematic manner
• Survey


  A research method used for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest
• Interview


  A qualitative research technique that involves conducting one-on-one or group discussions to explore a subject or gather information
• FGD (Focus Group Discussion)


  A qualitative data collection method that involves a structured conversation among a small group of participants on a specific topic
• Methods of organizing data

  • Table
  • Charts
  • Dashboards
• Table


  A visual structure that organizes data into rows and columns, making it easier to understand and analyze
• Charts


  Visual presentations of data. They use symbols, marks, and colors to represent information and display data points on a coordinate plane
• Dashboards


  Management tools that track, analyze and display important information, which is consolidated and arranged on a single screen so the information can be monitored at a glance
• Methods of interpreting and analyzing data

  • Descriptive
  • Inferential
  • Thematic
• Descriptive


  A statistical method that involves the arrangement, summation, and presentation of data in a manner that understands characteristics of various variables
• Inferential


  A statistical method that allows making predictions or inferences about a population based
• Importance of statistics: Shapes our lives and influences decision
• Issue: Media experts may Inform or Mislead consumers
• Uses of statistics


  • Evaluating various kinds of programs and projects
  • Analyzing trade growth and patterns
  • Research and Development
• Presentations of statistics


  • Social Media
  • Conferences
  • Mass Media
• Pie chart


  The formula to convert frequency to a percentage is: Frequency / Total Numbers × 100

  The formula to convert percentage to frequency is: Percentage × Total Number

  Frequency: If less than 5, then retain the whole number. If 5 or more than, then add 1 to the whole number
• Line Graph


  A graph that shows information connected in some way (usually as it changes over time)
• Line graphs make the data come alive and show how the data rises and falls
• Making Line Graphs


  • Draw a vertical scale with tick marks
  • Label the tick marks, and give the scale a label
  • Draw a horizontal scale with tick marks and labels
  • Put a dot for each data value
  • Connect the dots and give the graph a title
• Important things to include in a line graph are: a title, vertical scale with tick marks and labels, horizontal scale with tick marks and labels, and data points connected by lines
• The vertical scale for the Ice Cream Sales graph should go from $0 to $800, with tick marks every $200
• PIE CHART


  is a type of graph that displays data in a circular graph. The pieces of the graph are proportional to the quantity each slice represents in relation to the total data set. Each pie slice is relative to the size of a category in a given group as a whole. Pie charts are often used to visualize percentage or proportional data, where each slice of the pie represents a particular category or group within the total data set.
• BAR GRAPH


  Is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
• LINE GRAPH


  A graph that shows information connected in some ways (usually it changes over time)
• Mean


  The average of the numbers
• Formula for mean


  Sum divided by count
• Mode


  The number which appears most often
• Formula for mode


  Put the numbers in order, then count how many of each number. The number that appears most often is the mode.
• Median


  The "middle" of a sorted list of numbers
• Formula for median


  Place the numbers in value order and find the middle. n divided by 2.
• Formula for median with even number of numbers

  Find the middle pair of numbers, and then find the value that is half way between them by adding them together and dividing by two.
• Types of Mode


  • Unimodal
  • Bimodal
  • Trimodal
  • Multimodal
• Unimodal


  When there is only one and only one mode in a dataset
• Bimodal


  When there are two modes in the given data set
• Trimodal


  When there are three modes in the given data set
• Multimodal


  When there are four or more modes in the given data set
• Notation


  • n=count (number of data)
  • Max = maximum (Highest data)
  • Min = minimum (Lowest data)
  • X~ = 3 Median read as "x curly"
  • X^=Mode read as Symbol x caret"
  • X-= Mean read as "x bar"
  • X-= ΣΧ → sum of data