Active immunity - resistance to a disease resulting from the activities of an individuals own immune system whereby an antigen induces plasma cells to produce antibodies
Antibiotic - a substance produced by living organisms that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
Bcells (B lymphocytes) - type of white blood cell that is produced and matures within the bonemarrow (humoral) - clones = memory cells and plasmacells which produce antibodies
Antibodies - respond to foreign antigens
Antigens - non-selfforeignprotein that triggers an immuneresponse by lymphocytes
Phagocyte - type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis it's found in the blood and in tissues
T cells - lymphocytes that ate matured in the thymus gland (cellular)has receptor proteins on its surface that bind to complementary antigens presented to it by phagocytes stimulates other Tc cells
Helpertcells - release chemical signals that activate/ stimulates phagocytes
Cytotoxic t cells - kills abnormal/foreign cells by releasing the enzyme perofin which makes the host cell freely permeable
Primary response - symptomsshow and it's slow
Secondary response - involves memory cells making it faster
Active immunity - takes a while for protection to develop can be natural (immunity after contracting a disease) or artificial (vaccination)
Passive immunity - immediate protection with nomemory cells. The protection is short term and the antibodies are broken down. Natural (baby- breastmilk/placenta) or artificial (tetanusjab)
Herdimmunity- 90% of population vaccinated which protects those that have it but also those that haven't had it as it reduces the occurrence of the disease/those who have been vaccinated don't show symptoms
Antigenic variation - antigens present on the virus mutate and are no longer complementary to the antibodies so not antigen-antibody complex can be formed so the primary response has to happen again
Phagocytosis - 1- phagocyte attracted to the pathogen via it's chemical products the phagocyte then recognises the pathogens antigen as non-self and causes the phagocyte to bind to the pathogen 2- phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and seals it into a phagosome
Phagocytosis (2) - 3-the lysosome fuses with the phagosome and releases lysozymes which destroys the pathogen 4- the soluble products from the breakdown are absorbed into cytoplasm the antigens from the pathogen are then expressed on the phagocytes cell membrane turning it into an APC
ELISA test - Enzyme-LinkedImmunoSorbantAssay
ELISA test - direct test = uses only oneantibody 1- add the sample containing the target protein 2- add antibody specific to target protein then wash out to remove any unbound antibodies add a solution containing substrate to the well the enzyme attached to the antibody and will act on the substrate causing a colour change the indirect test = uses two antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies uses - diagnoses of disease(bind to specific cells to identify infected cells), treatment of disease (specific cells - bringing therapeutic drugs with them), pregnancy testing (pregnancy hormone) and detecting certain cancers
HIV replication - 1- attachment proteins on the HIV attach to receptors on a helper T cell 2- HIV releases it's RNA into the helper T cell 3- reverse transcriptase concerts this RNA into DNA 4- the viral DNA is inserted into the helper T cells genome
HIV replication (2) 5- the helper T cells DNA is translated to make viral proteins 6- the proteins are used to assemble new HIV particles 7- fully assembled HIV particles bud off the cell in order to infect other cells killing the T cell
HIV structure - genetic material= 2 single strands of RNA - enzymes= reverse transcriptase - capsid= layer of protein molecules that surrounds and protects genetic material - envelope= outer layer of phospholipids - glycoproteins= also known as attachment proteins
Antibody structure - 2 short light chains each individuallybonded to long heavy chains which are joined together by a disulfide bridge. All antibodies have the same constant region allowing them to bond to receptor of self cells by they have a unique variable region that's complementary to an antigen
B lymphocytes - B cells mature in bone marrow, circulates through bloodstream and lymphatic vessels, binds to antigens using their surface immunoglobulin, when activated undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into plasma cells