1970-2000

• Events in the Detente Era: SALT 1, Helsinki Final Act
• Events in the Detente Era: SALT 1, Helsinki Final Act
• SALT 1: the meeting of Nixon and Brezhnev was caused by the U.S. meeting with China and the Soviet Union didn't want to be outdone. The meeting ended with an agreement limiting nuclear weapons.
• Helsinki Final Act: Brough an acknowledgment of post-WW2 borders, the universal significance of human rights, addressed military and economic issues, and brought an end to soviet dominance in Europe.
• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Meant to prop up the failing Marxist dictatorship, which ended the Detente era. Effects included the U.S. withdrawing from SALT II (though the U.S. and the U.S.S.R honored the terms anyway)
• detente era: relaxation that refers to cold war between 1969 and 1970 when tension between soviet union and the us relaxed
• End of Detente Era: soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• 1989: satellite states revolt
• Satelite state revolts cause soviet union to withdraw troops and begin peace negotioations
• Warsaw pact ended when the soviet union was dissolved
• Glasnost: the loosening of state censorship and propaganda in the USSR.
• Perestroika: A policy of economic reform in the Soviet Union to incorporate more of a market economy
• Perestroika caused economic anxiety cuz of the sudden shift leading to shortages and a rise in unemployment and inflation
• Fall of the Berlin wall: people surrounded and outnumbered the guards and forced them to open the gates
• Signs of weakness within the soviet union: economic shortages, lack of healthcare, the reform effort, heavy reliance on propaganda
• Solidarity movement in Poland delegitimized communist regime by exposing the USSR's ideological false claims
• Glasnost lead to the fall of the USSR because it allowed for more open criticism of the government
• perestroika lead to the fall of the USSR because it destabilized the economy
• 1958 great leap forward:

  • 5 year plan to modernize agriculture: industrialize with backyard steel
• people lied about quotas in the 5 year plan and it led to a humanitarian crisis causing many to die from starvation
• 1966 cultural revolution: Mao Zedong's campaign to encourage new thinking and new ways of doing things for the young to revolt against the elders
• Effects of the 1 child policy: forced abortions, more killings of girls, gender skewed society
• Effects of the Tiananmen Square massacre: western nations placed trade sanctions on China, thousands of people killed, policies didn't change
• disputes in south china sea

  • it is a major shipping route, no much other evidence on why china wants to control it so badly, isn’t much evidence of major natural resources
• effect of british handover of hong kong

  • created colonial relationships between china and hong kong, no democracy
• globalization: process of increasing connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and eocnomies,
• impact on nations/cultures: greater spread, greater diversity in some places and greater homogeneity in other places
• production globalized: more products made with pieces and steps done in multiple countries
• consumption globalization: more people buy more products made in other countries
• primary production: extraction of raw materials
• secondary production: manufacturing, turn raw into other prodcuts
• tertiary production: distribution to retailers and consumers, ensure products go to consumers
• national free trade policies

  • lower tariffs
  • allow foreign firms to set up shop
  • allow firms to go to foreign countries
• protectionism: reducing a country’s involvement in foreign markets, especially to keep established industries stable
• international banking and trader after 1970: digital money and banking, IMF loans went out to developing nations
• commonality of the soviet union and china over the 1970s to 1990s:

  1. both allowed economic reforms to allow some capitalism
• Only the USSR made political reforms to allow for more democracy
• Only China increased the repression of civilians civil liberties
• European Union: 12 original countries in 1993
• Original intent of the European Union was to strengthen European parliament, create a shared currency and common foreign security policies