L 10-11

• Design


  A plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind
• Research design


  • Serves as the blueprint or skeletal framework of your research study
  • Includes many related aspects of your research work
  • Requires you to finalise your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data on your research, including the method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting the data
• Five research designs


  • Case study
  • Ethnography
  • Historical study
  • Phenomenology
  • Grounded theory
• Case study


  • Describe a person, thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of existence
  • Centers on an individual or single subject matter
  • Methods of collecting data are interviews, observations, and questionnaires
• Ethnography


  Involves a study of a certain cultural group or organization in which you obtain knowledge about their characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationships of the group members, in group activity
• Historical study


  • Determine the reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period
  • Data collecting techniques are biography or autobiography reading, documentary analysis, and chronicling activities
• Phenomenology


  A sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in life
• Grounded theory


  • Aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context
  • Explanations are grounded in the participants' own interpretations or explanations
• Sampling


  Your method or process of selecting respondents to answer questions meant to yield data for research study
• Sample


  The 'chosen ones' or respondents from which you will derive facts and evidence to support your claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem
• Population


  Bigger group from where you choose the sample
• Sampling frame


  • The list of the members of such a population from where you will get the sample
  • Contains only those members from which we will draw our sample
• Sampling originated back to the early political activities of the Americans

  1920
• Two sampling strategies


  • Probability sampling or unbiased sampling
  • Non-probability sampling
• Probability sampling


  Involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study
• Sampling error


  Crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned
• Simple random sampling


  • Pure-chance of selection, assuring every member of the same opportunity to be in the sample
  • You can choose samples from a population
• Systematic sampling


  Chance and system are the ones to determine who should be the sample
• Stratified sampling


  The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such a group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage
• Cluster sampling


  Sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members
• Non-probability sampling


  Disregards random selection of subjects, chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole direction of the researcher
• Quota sampling


  If you know the characteristics of the target population very well, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population
• Voluntary sampling


  Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the one volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process
• Purposive or judgmental sampling


  You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting with rich experience or interest in your study
• Availability sampling


  The willingness of a person as your subject to interact
• Snowball sampling


  • Free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place
  • Deals with varied groups of people