Phylogenetic

• Phylogeny - A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.
• Phylogeny characteristics: •Morphological / Anatomical feature

  • Physiological adaptations

  • Molecular Sequence
• Homoplasy - Shared characteristics that are not a result of common ancestry. Can be result of convergent evolution.
• Cladistics - way of classifying organisms into hierarchical branches based on shared derived characteristics.
• Cladogram - Diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called "clades".
• Parts of Cladogram:

  Node

  Clade The branches

  Root

  Outgroup

  The main line
• Node - Point where two or more clades meet; represents an ancestral form.
• Clade - Group of related organisms descended from a single common ancestor.
• Branches - Lines connecting nodes to other nodes.
• Main Line - Descendants of the root.
• Outgroup - A group that is not part of the clade being studied, but shares a common ancestry with it.
• Main Line - Branch containing the most recently evolved species.
• Root - Hypothetical node at base of all life, representing last universal common ancestor (LUCA).
• Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
• Paraphyletic - Does not contain all descendants of a common ancestor.
• Monophyletic - Contains all descendants of a common ancestor.
• Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
• Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of a set of taxa.