cardio to nervous

Created by

Drashti Patel

Cards (163)

Functions of Cardiovascular System
Transport
Protection
Regulation
Transport 
Gases - oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, lipids
Metabolic wastes - urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium ions
Regulatory molecules - hormones, enzymes
Processed molecules - proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids
Protection 
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Antibodies
Platelets for clotting
Regulation 
Fluid balance
pH
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Exchange between blood, extracellular fluid and cells
Heart Functions 
Pump - generate pressure in the blood
Routes blood - separate pulmonary and systematic circulation
One way flow
Regulate blood supply
Heart Protection 
Rib cage, protective membranes, fluids
Heart Location 
Thoracic cavity, obliquely in mediastinum, medial to two lungs, superior to diaphragm
Size of closet fist, about 300g
Blunt cone, 2/3rd towards left side of midline
Rounded end is apex, anteriorly and inferiorly pointed, above diaphragm
Broader end is base, directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly
Heart Pericardium 
Fibrous pericardium: tough fibrous outer layer, prevents over distention; acts as anchor
Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous epithelium
Parietal pericardium: lines the fibrous outer layer
Visceral pericardium: covers heart surface
The two are continuous and have a pericardial cavity between them filled with pericardial fluid
Heart Morphology 
Anterior and posterior side
Sulk (grooves)
Pericardial and epicardial fat
Superior chambers (collecting) - atria
Inferior chambers (discharging) - ventricles
Thin atrial walls and thicker ventricular walls - palpation
Heart Wall Layers 
Epicardium - serous membrane; simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissues, smooth outer surface of heart
Myocardium - middle layer, thickest, composed of cardiac muscle cells - contractility
Endocardium - smooth inner surface of heart chambers, simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, covers valve surface and continuous with endothelium
Heart Anatomy 
Inter ventricular septum - separation between two ventricles
Inter atrial septum - wall between the atria. Contains a depression, fossa ovalis, a remnant of the fetal opening (foramen ovale) between the atria
Left ventricle wall much thicker than right ventricle wall
Pectinate muscles: muscular ridges in auricles and atrial wall
Trabecular carnae: muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
Heart Chambers 
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Atrium 
Thin walled receiving chamber, most part on posterior side
Auricles are extensions to increase volume
Contain pectinate muscles for large force of contraction
Receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body through three openings: Superior and inferior vena cave, coronary sinus
Right Ventricle 
Pumping chamber, most part on anterior side
Thick walled than atria
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium
Opens to pulmonary trunk
Contains trabeculae cranae
Left Atrium 
Thin walled receiving chamber, most part on posterior side, forms heart's base
Auricles are extensions to increase volume
Contain pectinate muscles for large force of contraction
Receive oxygenated blood returning from the body through four openings: Four pulmonary veins
Left Ventricle 
Pumping chamber, forms apex and posterioinferior aspect
Thickest walled chamber in the heart
Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium
Opens to aorta
Contains trabeculae cranae
Blood into the heart
Into right atrium - by superior and inferior vena cava from systematic circulation and coronary sinus from coronary circulation (deoxygenated)
Into left atrium - by left and right pulmonary veins from pulmonary circulation (oxygenated)
Blood out of the heart
Into right atrium - by pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation
Into right atrium - by aorta to systemic circulation
Heart Valves 
Valves between atria and ventricles
Valves have leaf-liked cusps
Cusps attached to papillary muscles by tendons - chord tendineae
Open valves have a canal - atrioventricular canal
Right side has three cusps
Left side has two cusps
When valve is open, blood flows from A ——>V
When it is closed, blood exits ventricle
Valves at the base of large vessels/exit of ventricles
Valves are cup shaped
Pulmonary SL valve - at the base of pulmonary trunk
Aortic SL valve - at the base of aorta
When cups are filled, valves close, stops back flow
When cups are empty, valve is open, blood exits heart
Valves - prevent back flow of blood
Chordae tendineae - strings connecting valve cusps to papillary muscles, prevent AV valves from bugling into atria
Papillary muscles = pillar-like muscles in ventricles, prevent prolapse of AV valves
Heart Pump 
Pulmonary circulation - deoxygenated blood is transported to lungs for oxygenation and then returned to heart
Systemic circulation - oxygenated blood is transported to body tissues and then returned to heart
Coronary circulation - part of systemic circulation that supplies only heart
Cardiac Cycle 
Contraction of heart produces the pressure
Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure
Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation(distal) of heart chambers - moves blood through the heart and body
Blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
Cardiac Cycle Control 
Nervous system control
Hormonal control
Conducting System 
Action potential - a rapid change in membrane potential. Acts as an electrical signal impulse
Sinoatrial node (SA) - pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV)
Atrioventricular bundle
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibres in ventricular walls
Blood Composition 
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogens
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
Regulatory substances
White blood cells
White Blood Cells 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Blood Cells 
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes 
Red blood cells
Biconcave disc shaped, 7.5um non-nucleated, no organelles
Contain haemoglobin, a pigmented protein
Carries oxygen
Carries carbon dioxide
Leukocytes 
White blood cells
Complete cells, nuclei and organelles
Various types
Mainly help in protection
Blood Vessels 
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries 
Take blood away from the heart
Contain blood under pressure
Elastic, muscular, arterioles
Capillaries 
Site of exchange with tissues (interstitial fluid)
Veins 
Take blood to the heart
Blood not under pressure
Thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue less smooth muscle
Venules, small, medium, large
Blood Vessel Wall Layers
Tunica intima (interna)
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)
Tunica Intima 
Endothelium, basement membrane, lamina propria, elastic tissue
Tunica Media 
Smooth muscle cells and elastin arranged circularly
Smooth muscle changes diameter of the lumen
Elastic tissue allows distension and recoil
Vasoconstriction: smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow
Vasodilation: smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow
Tunica Externa 
Connective tissue (CT), transitions from dense to loose CT as it merges with surrounding tissue
Capillary Types 
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Continuous Capillaries 
No gaps between endothelial cells, less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types. E.g. muscle, nervous tissue
Fenestrated Capillaries 
Have pores in endothelial cells called fenestra, highly permeable, e.g. intestinal villi, glomeruli of kidney
Sinusoidal Capillaries 
Large diameter, irregular incomplete wall of endothelial cells, less basement membrane, e.g. endocrine glands, liver (large molecules cross their walls)