bio last

• phylogeny - the evolutionary history of species or group of species
• systematics - the study of the kinds and diversity of organsims and any all relationships among them
• homology - similarity due to shred ancestry
• molecular clock - a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of the genomes appear to evolve at constant rates. help track evolutionary time
• biogeography - the geographic distribution of species in time and space as influenced by many factors ihncluding continental drift and long-distance dispersal.
• biologists use phylogenetic trees for many purposes, including; testing hypotheses about the characteristics of extinct species and ancestral lineages, classifying organisms
• phylogenic tree - also known as phylogeny. a diagram that depicst the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.
• lines of evidence to infer evolutionary reletionships - fossil evidence, homologies, developmental biology, embryology
• homologies - anatomical features of different organisms that have a similar appearance or function because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had them
• developmental biology - studying the embryological development of living things provides clues to the evolution of present day organisms
• embryology - is the study of the development of an organism from conception to birth
• taxonomy - the branch of biology that classifies all living things
• carolus linnaeus - swedish botanist who developed taxonomy in the 18th century
• binomial nomenclature - invented by linnaeus, the system of giving each type of organism a genus and species name
• taxonomic hierarchy - a classification system developed by linnaeus
• classification - method of grouping organisms. arranging entities into some type of order to provide a system for cataloguing and expressing relationships between these entities
• hierarchy - a system of organizing groups into ranks according to status. putting groups at various levels according to importance or power
• nomenclature - the formal naming of taxa according to some standardized system
• international code of botanical nomenclature - provides rules for naming pants, fungi, and algae
• international code of zoological nomenclature - basis of rules on naming animals
• identification - the process of associating an unknown taxon with a known one
• description - the assignnment of features or attributes to a taxon
• taxonomy - the theory and practice of classifying organisms
• 8 stages in taxonomy - domain, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• domain - wasnt used until 1990, over 250 years after linnaeus developed his classification system in 1735.
• three domains in life - bacteria, archaea, eukarya
• bacteria - single-celled organisms
• archea - single-celled organisms similar to bacteria. live in extreme environments
• eukarya - every living thing on earth that is not a bacterium or archaeon, is more closely related to the domain archaea than to bacteria
• kingdom - before domain was introduced, this was the highest taxonomic rank
• kingdom - protista, animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria
• Protista - includes all eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi, but some of these organisms are not very closely related to each other.
• phylum - it is more specific than kingdom but less specific than class. there are 35 of this in the kingdom animalia
• phylum in animalia includes - chordata, porifera, arthropoda, echinodermata, nematoda, amnelida, mollusca, platyhelminthes, cnidaria
• class - was the most general rank proposed by linnaeus. there are 108 different classes in the kingdom animalia including mammalia, aves, reptilia
• order - more specific than class. there are 19-26 orders of mammalia, depending on how organisms are classified. some orders of mammalia are primates, cetaceans, carnivora, chiroptera
• family - there are 12 families in the order carnivora; canidae, felidae, mephitidae, ursidae
• genus - it is the first part of an organism's scientific name using binomial nomenclature;the second part is the species name.
• an organisms scientific name is always italized, and the genus name is capitalized while the species name is not. genus and species are the only taxonomic ranks that are italicized
• homo sapiens - the scientific name for humans.