BIOTECH

• DNA - A group of molecules that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings
• It is true for viruses as most of them have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material
• The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) contains RNA, which is then converted into DNA after attaching itself to the host cell
• DNA - responsible for the inheritance of genetic information in all living beings
• DNA - plays crucial role for the production of protiens
• Nuclear DNA - the DNA contained within the nucleus of every eukaryotic organism. It codes the majority of the organisms genomes
• Mitochondrial DNA - The DNA present in the mitochondria of the cell. In humans, there are approximately 16,000 base pairs of this particular DNA.
• Plastid DNA - They play an essential role in photosynthesis.
• Johannes Friedrich - The Swiss biologist who first recognized and identified the DNA in 1869 during his research on white blood cells
• James Watson and Francis Crick - Discovered the double helix structure of the DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid - The full name of the DNA
• A-DNA - right-handed helix
• A-DNA - wider and flatter than B-DNA
• A-DNA - Observed when less water is present i.e Dehydrating condition
• A-DNA - active site of DNA polymerase
• B-DNA - biologically the MOST COMMON
• B-DNA - this structure exists when there is plenty of water with the complementary base of A-T, G-C
• Z-DNA - left-handed helix
• Z-DNA - seen in condition of high salt concentration with 12 bases per turn
• Z-DNA - some suggests that this DNA may play a role in regulating gene transcription
• The DNA molecule is composed of units called nucleotides
• nucleotide have three components, sugar group, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
• nucleotides - the basic building block of dna
• the four types of nitrogen base is the: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
• Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
• Guanin (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
• deoxyribose - the sugar which forms the backbone of the dna
• Hydrogen Bonds - a chemical bond consisting of Hydrogen atom between two electromagnetic atoms with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond
• Pyrimidines - Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U) in RNA
• Purines - Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
• Human beings have around 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of cells
• Chargaff's rule - by Erwin Chargaff, the amount of A is equal to T, whereas the amount of C is equal to G.
• Chargaff's rule - any cell from any organism should have a 1:1 ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases
• DNA replication - process hat occurs during cell division
• DNA replication - also known as semi-conservative replication where the DNA makes a copy if itself
• DNA - the genetic material which carries all the hereditary information.
• genes - the small segments of DNA, consisting of 250 - 2 million base pairs
• Proteins - the main functional and structural molecules in most of the organisms
• DNA is involved in replication process
• DNA is involved in mutations