CPT32 MIDTERMS

• pharate - the developmental stage enclosed in the integument of the preceding instar
• teneral - condition of the insect immediately after molting
• sclerotization - polymerization and cross bonding of chitin and protein to produce hardened insect skeleton
• cuticle - skeleton of insects; skeletal muscles are attached to it
• integument - first line of defense of from fungi, bacteria
• insect physiology - study of how insects live and reproduce
• instar - a stage between two successive molts
• stadium - time between molts
• larva - immature stages of holometabolous insects
• all stages of insects contain an epiticular layer that waterproofs the body
• lamellae refract light
• pore canals - passageways from 0.1 to 0.15 pum diameter
• pore canals - transport lipids, cement, additional chemical components
• a relatively unsclerotized endocuticle is the layer next to the epidermal cells
• chitin, one of the most widely occurring polysaccharides
• during molting process, the epidermal cells secrete molting fluids into the apolysial space to digest some old cuticle, eventually widening the the space
• apolysis - the separation of old cuticle from the epidermal cells
• cuticulin layer - the first part of the new cuticle to be secreted
• bursicon - neuropeptide secreted by the nervous system promotes sclerotization and specifies how much cross linking of molecules will occur
• resilin - an important structural protein of cuticle that is rubber-like, colorless, transparent, and insoluble in water
• the products of neurosecretory cells serve as hormone neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, regulators of hormonal secretion
• hypocerebral ganglion - innervates the heart, corpora cardiaca, and portions of the foregut
• juvenile hormone - modifies the type of cuticle secreted
• commissure - links ganglia within each segment where they are located in the central nervous system
• electrical impulses moving undirectional away from the nerve cell body travels along an axon
• hormones complement the nervous system in its functions
• the ventral nerve cord of the CNS consists of paired segmental ganglia that runs along the ventral midline of the thorax and the abdomen
• resting on the top of the esophagus, the three fused ganglionic masses in the brain are sometimes referred to as supraesophageal ganglion
• the ocellar nerve carries interneurons with sensory information inward to the protocerebrum
• ventral ganglia - a tissue/organ produce the eclosion hormone and the compound that causes hardening and tanning of the new cuticle
• juvenile hormone - determines the type of cuticle secreted by the epidermal cells and keeps ecdysone from forcing precocious metamorphosis
• electrical signals - the nature of signals sent out from neurons
• why adult insect do not molt
• rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum - lipid synthesis
• oenocytes - lipid secretion, lipid metabolism
• apolysis - old cuticle separates from epidermal cells
• apolysial droplets - secreted by exocytosis from the plasma membrane
• molting fluid - first evident as osmiophillic droplets; contains both proteinases, chitinases
• ganglion - structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies typically linked by synapses