socialisation 1A

• Primary socialisation


  Where a child learns from immediate family in the home
• Secondary socialisation


  Where a child learns from wider society, such as school
• Tertiary socialisation


  Adult socialisation, needing to adapt to new situations, such as becoming a parent
• Socialisation


  The process in which an individual learns the norms and values of society, beginning at birth and continuing throughout life
• Culture is passed on by agents of socialisation, who are individuals, groups and institutions involved in the socialisation process
• Socialisation teaches appropriate behaviour for one's gender
• Gender is a social construction, learned from our environment
• Agents of socialisation


  • Family- role models, imitation, sanctions, manipulation, canalisation, activities, trial and error
  • Education- hidden curriculum, formal curriculum, role models, sanctions
  • Work- formal socialisation, informal socialisation, sanctions, resocialisation
  • Media- role models, imitation, hypodermic effect
  • Religion- moral values, moral code, rituals and ceremonies
  • peer groups- peer pressure, sanctions, imitation
• Katz (1975) Baby X experiment shows how children learn gender from their environment and how adults encourage gender stereotypes
• Secondary socialisation occurs later in life as people encounter new situations and interact with others outside their family circle.
• Both primary and secondary socialization play important roles in shaping an individual's identity and behavior over time.
• how do families construct gender roles?

  OAKLEY 1981


  • canalisation- gender specific activities such as dolls for girls
  • manipulation- encourages and discourages behaviour such as boys are strong so they shouldn’t cry
  • differentiation- girls being involved with domestic tasks and boys being involved with building
  • verbal appellations- calling a girl angel and a boy little monster