SCI A REVIWE

• Mapping the Inner Earth

  • seismograph - device used to measure earthquakes
  • seismometer - modern seismographs
  • seismogram - data recorded by seismometers
  • seismologist - a person who studies seismology
• Seismic Waves


  • Body Waves- P -Waves and S -Waves
  • Surface Waves - Love Waves and Rayleigh Waves
• P Waves


  • Primary seismic waves, fastest, detected in both solids and liquids
• S waves


  • Secondary seismic waves, slower than P-Waves, detected only in solids
• Love Waves


  • Dispersive surface waves with horizontal motion, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
• Rayleigh Waves


  • Motion is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation that results in an elliptical motion of points on the surface
• Plate Tectonics

  • All-Earth-a single landmass or supercontinent from which Earth began
  • Continental Drift Theory-proposed by Alfred Wegener and proposed the Pangaea
  • Gondwana and Laurasia -two major supercontinents after the breaking of Pangaea
  • Seafloor Spreading Theory -proposed by Harry Hess that seafloors and not the continents are moving and carrying continents along
  • Plate Tectonics Theory -the lithosphere is made of independent slabs of solid rocks called plates which float on the plastic mantle
• Plate Boundaries and Interactions

  • Convergent Plate Boundary-continental-continental, continental-oceanic, oceanic-oceanic
  • Divergent Plate Boundary-plates are moving apart and new crust is being produced
  • Transform Plate Boundary-plates are moving horizontally past each other
• Triangulation


  Process of locating the epicenter of an earthquake using data from multiple seismograph stations
• Types of Mountains and Mountain Ranges

  • Fold Mountains-formed through plate convergence
  • Volcanic Mountains-formed by volcanic activity
  • Erosion Formed Mountains-shaped by erosion
  • Dome Mountain Ranges-made by upwarping of tectonic plates
  • Fault-Block Mountain Ranges-made by movement of normal faults causing tensional forces
• Electromagnetic Induction


  A changing magnetic field produces an electric current
• Faraday's Law


  A change in the strength of a magnetic field (magnetic flux) induces a current
• Lenz's Law


  The induced current creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic flux
• Magnetic Flux


  The quantity of magnetism passing through a surface
• Generators

  • Devices that can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
  • Armature -consists of coils of insulated wire wound around a soft iron core
  • Field -either an electromagnet or permanent magnet used as a source of magnetic field
  • Slip Rings -made of either brass or copper
  • Brushes -stationary part sliding with the slip rings that collects the current and transmits to the external circuit
• DC Generators


  Generators that induce a direct current (DC) but no slip rings
• Motors


  • Devices that can convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
  • (Rotor) consists of coils of insulated wire wound around a soft iron core
  • (Stator) either an electromagnet or permanent magnet used as a source of magnetic field
  • (Commutator) rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the current direction
• AC Motors


  • Electric motors that are driven by alternating current (AC)
  • Synchronous AC motors and induction motors have no commutators and brushes
• DC Motors


  • Rotary electric motors that convert Direct Current (DC) energy into mechanical energy
  • Brushed DC motor and brushless DC motor
• Light


  An electromagnetic (EM) wave
• Light


  • A transverse wave
  • Produced by accelerating charges
  • Can travel in vacuum
  • Has a speed of 290,792,458 m/s
• Wave Equation


  Quantity: speed of propagation, wavelength, frequency
• EM Spectrum Regions

  • Radio Waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared Waves
  • Visible Light Waves
  • Ultraviolet Rays
  • X-Rays
  • Gamma Rays
• EM Spectrum Region

  Designation, Unit, Applications/Uses
• Ionizing radiation includes X-rays and Gamma rays
• Nonionizing radiation, those that include the other regions of the EM spectrum, though less dangerous, pose a health threat
• Radio waves


  Can interfere with a pacemaker
• Overexposure to EM radiation

  Can cause blindness, burns, or delayed effects like cancer
• Plane Mirrors


  • Image formed is virtual, upright, and same size as the object
• Concave Mirrors


  • Location of image depends on location of object
  • Image can be real, inverted, and smaller/larger than object
• Convex Mirrors


  • Image is always virtual, upright, and smaller than the object
• Mirror Equation


  Quantity: focal length, object distance, image distance, magnification
• Magnification


  Ratio of image size to object size
• CONTINENTAL CRUST - made up of light granitic rocks
• OCEANIC CRUST - the part that underlies the ocean and is composed of dense basaltic rocks
• MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY - marks the boundary between the crust and the upper mantle
• UPPER MANTLE - both solid and plastic
• LOWER MANTLE - more solid than the upper mantle due to more pressure
• GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY - boundary between the mantle and core
• CORE - most of Earth's volume, the greatest density