Geography

• Types of Employment


  • Employment
  • Unemployment
• Employment


  People are in work, receive a regular wage, and pay tax to the government
• Unemployment


  People are not in work, do not receive a wage, and do not pay tax
• Sectors of Industry


  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Primary industry

  Creating raw materials such as farming, mining, and forestry
• Secondary industry


  Manufacturing goods from raw materials
• Tertiary industry


  Providing services
• Quaternary industry


  High-tech research and design
• Primary industry was around 70% in 1800-1900, falling to 20% by 2000
• Secondary industry was around 30% in 1800-1900, falling to 20% by 2000
• Tertiary industry was around 10% in 1800-1900, rising to 50% by 2000
• Quaternary industry was emerging up to 10% by 2000
• Globalisation has led to the world becoming more interconnected through trade and cultural exchange
• Improvements in transportation, such as larger containers, have decreased the cost of transporting goods between countries, accelerating globalisation
• Organisations like the World Trade Organization have promoted freedom of trade
• Calculating percentage change


  1. Work out difference between the two numbers

  2. Divide this number by original number

  3. Multiply by 100
• Factors affecting population density

  • Physical geography
  • Economic factors
  • Political factors
  • Social factors
• The Demographic Transition Model is a simplification of the more complex changes in population over time
• An aging population has a higher average age, caused by lowered birth rates and rising life expectancy
• Migration


  The movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer core
  • Inner core
• Crust


  The thin, outer solid rock layer of the Earth, 0-60km thick
• Mantle


  The largest section of the Earth, approximately 2900km thick, made of semi-molten rock
• Outer core


  The liquid layer surrounding the inner core, made of iron and nickel, extremely hot
• Inner core


  The solid, innermost layer of the Earth, made of iron and nickel, with temperatures up to 6,500°C
• Types of plate boundaries

  • Constructive (apart)
  • Destructive (together)
  • Conservative (slide past)
• Types of volcanoes


  • Active
  • Dormant
  • Extinct
• Focus


  Source of the Earthquake
• Epicentre


  Point on earth's surface directly above the focus
• Seismic Waves


  • Fast waves of energy generated, travel rapidly from the focus of the earthquake
• Fault Lines


  Breaks or fractures in the earth's crust
• Volcano eruption


  1. Lava erupts to the earth's surface

  2. Lava cools and hardens

  3. Layers of lava build up to form a volcano

  4. Melting of the oceanic plate releases gases

  5. Increased pressure forces the magma to rise to the earth's surface
• Volcano


  Magma from the mantle passes through the earth's crust and reaches the surface
• Lava flow


  • Molten rock flows across the surface of the earth at speeds of up to 700 mph
  • Temperature between 700°C and 1200°C
  • Cools and solidifies into igneous rock
• Lahars


  • Mud and debris flows down the side of the volcano
  • Speeds between 20-40 mph
  • Can cover distances of over 50 miles from the crater
• Pyroclastic flow


  • Speed avalanches of hot rock, ash and gas that move down the side of a volcano
  • Temperatures up to 1600°C
  • Speeds up to 150 mph
• Volcanic ash


  • Small fragments of rock and volcanic gas
  • Ejected over 5 miles into the air
• Volcanic bombs


  • Large pieces of rock sometimes the same size as cars
  • Thrown out of the volcano
  • Fall to the ground quickly at greater speed than ash
• Volcano prediction


  1. Monitoring volcanoes

  2. Taking readings from various devices and technology

  3. Determine changes in the volcano to predict eruption
• Volcano planning


  1. Drawing up evacuation plans

  2. Using hazard maps to prevent building in high risk areas