MODULE 3: Matter

• Matter - any substance that has mass and occupies space.
• Solid - In this state, particles are closely packed together
• Solid - In this state, it maintains a fixed shape and volume.
• Solid - this state have definite shapes and volumes.
• Liquid - In this state, particles are more loosely packed
• Liquid - In this state, it move freely but remain close together.
• Liquid - In this state, it has weaker intermolecular forces.
• Liquids - In this state, it has a definite volumes but take the shape of their containers.
• Solid - In this state, it has a strong intermolecular forces
•  Gas - In this state, particles are widely spaced, moving rapidly.
• Gas - In this state, it has little to no intermolecular forces.
• Gas - In this state, it expand to fill their containers.
• Gas - In this state, it neither have definite shapes nor volumes.
• Plasma - In this state, gas particles are ionized.
• Plasma - In this state, it results in a collection of free-moving ions and electrons.
• Plasma - this state, It is commonly found in stars, neon signs, and some types of lighting.
• Plasma - this state, do not have a definite shape or volume and are electrically conductive.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) - this state, occurs at extremely low temperatures near absolute zero.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) - this state, exhibit unique quantum phenomena, such as superfluidity and coherence.
• pure substance - consists of a single type of particle.
• pure substance - have distinct properties
• pure substance - can be further categorized as elements or compounds.
• These are examples of pure substance except; Air
• mixture - consists of two or more substances physically combined without forming new chemical bonds.
• Mixtures - can be homogeneous or heterogeneous based on the uniformity of composition.
• homogenous mixture - mixture where the components are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture, resulting in a consistent composition and appearance.
• heterogenous mixture - mixutre that consists of visibly different substances or phases that are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture, resulting in distinct regions with varying compositions.
• Extensive properties - this property depend on the amount or size of a sample, reflecting the quantity of matter present.
• Extensive Properties - These properties change as the amount of substance changes.
• Extensive properties - This property’s example is the property’s Mass, Volume, and Length 
• Intensive properties - properties that are independent of the amount of substance, providing insights into the intrinsic characteristics of matter.
• Intensive Properties - These properties remain constant regardless of the sample size.
• Intensive properties - This property’s example are: Density, Melting Point, boiling Point, and Specific Heat
• Physical properties - This properties involves only a change in physical state (a liquid to a solid) and no change in the identity of substances (water and ice are the same substance) making the matter.
• Physical Properties - Most of this property’s physical changes are reversible.
• Chemical properties - this properties involves a change in the identity of the substance making the matter. These are non-reversible.
• Extensive Properties includes

  Mass, Volume, and Length
• Intensive Properties includes:

  Density, Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Specific Heat
• Physical changes - this changes involve alterations in the physical state or appearance of a substance without changing its chemical composition.
• Physical Change - These changes are reversible, allowing the substance to return to its original state under appropriate conditions.