English 2

• Qualities of a good researcher

  • Research-oriented
  • Efficient
  • Scientific
  • Effective
  • Active
  • Resourceful
  • Creative
  • Honest
  • Economical
  • Religious
• Characteristics of a good researcher

  • Intellectual curiosity
  • Prudence
  • Healthy criticism
  • Intellectual honesty
  • Intellectual creativity
• Things to Consider from Research Participants

  • Scientific Soundness
  • Consent
  • Informant Validation
  • Confidentiality
• Potential Risks


  • Exploitation
  • Misrepresentation
  • Identification of the Participant by Self or Others
• Plagiarism is an academic sin
• Plagiarism


  • Copying the work of others such as text, photo, video, and others and claim or use them as one's own
  • An act as academic theft
• Avoiding Plagiarism


  1. Take notes of the source of information used and label each borrowed material with basic referencing details

  2. Prepare a data sourcing plan

  3. Never ever copy and paste ready-to-use information

  4. Paraphrase original text and cite the source explicitly

  5. Properly quote sources and enclose borrowed statements with quotation marks

  6. Keep source trail

  7. Never copy the assignment, output nor the answer of your classmate and submit them as one's own

  8. Always make a reference page of the cited works
• Characteristics of Research

  • Empirical
  • Analytical
  • Cyclical
  • Methodical
  • Logical
  • Critical
  • Replicability
• The Research Process

  1. Develop research question

  2. Gather data about the problem

  3. Construct a research hypothesis

  4. Test the null hypothesis

  5. Present, analyze and interpret data

  6. Draw conclusion

  7. Communicate results
• Qualitative Research


  • Generates non-numerical data
  • Focuses on gathering mainly verbal data rather than measurements
  • Gathered data are analyzed in an interpretative manner, impressionistic, diagnostic, and sometimes, even subjective
  • Provide complete, detailed description
• Quantitative Research


  • Generates numerical data or information with actual numerical values
  • Measurable data are gathered and analyzed
• Qualitative Research


  • Seeks to explain a very specific and unique social situation
  • Relies heavily on words, and in depth, thick, rich descriptions
  • Structured, but allows for flexibility and adaptation
  • Findings are usually represented with detailed narratives and stories about a social situation
  • People being researched are participants
• Quantitative Research


  • Seeks to generalize and find absolute truths
  • Relies heavily on numbers and statistics
  • Highly structured and less flexible
  • Findings are usually represented with graphs, charts, tables, and numbers
  • People being researched are subjects
• Classifications of Educational Research

  • Historical
  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Causal
  • Experimental
  • Case Study
  • Ethnographic
  • Research and Development
• Phenomenology


  How people find meaningful experience
• Grounded Theory


  Discovering a new theory to underlie one's study as the time of data collection and analysis
• Content and Discourse Analysis


  Examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication used by a person, group, organization
• Scientific Soundness

  
  

  tangible benefits
• Consent

  seeking of approval
• Informant Validation

  confirmation fo statement
• Confidentiality

  anonymity
• exploitation

  just to gain favor: abuse of basic rights
• misrepresentation

  inaccurate narratives
• identification of participant by self or others

  divulge o identitiy