Skeletal system

• Long bones have a shaft with an epiphysis at both ends, such as femur or humerus.
• The skeleton is divided into two main parts, the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column) and appendicular skeleton (limbs).
• Bones are classified based on their shape as long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.
• Bone mineral Density


  Stronger bones so more resistant to forces within sport
• Condyloid joint


  monoaxial movement and no rotation
• Gliding joint


  Movement over flat surface
• Pivot joint

  Controlled rotational movement
• Sporting example of gliding joint

  Tarsals used during netball jump
• Sporting example of pivot joint

  Atlas and axis turning head side to side
• Skeletal muscle attachment


  Provide surface to attach and pull on to produce movement
• Blood cell production


  Feed minerals to the bones
• Dorsiflexion


  Pulling toes upwards
• Extension at synovial joint

  Straightening angle at limb
• Leverage


  Lever system for bones to pull against to produce movement
• Reducing friction


  Synovial joints secrete synovial fluid
• Source of minerals


  Reservoir of minerals
• Source of minerals


  Reservoir of minerals essential to bone growth and maintainence
• Support


  Gives body shape and support framework for soft tissue
• Ball and socket joint


  Allow movement in all directions
• Condyloid joint


  Backwards and fowards movement
• Hinge joint


  Monoaxial movement e.g. fowards or backwards
• Weight bearing


  Supports weight of body and provides structural strength to prevent injury
• Synovial fluid during exercise?

  Increase in production, Reduction in viscosity
• Example of a fixed joint

  Cranium
• Example of hinge joint


  Ulna, humerus , femur, tibia
• Example of pivot joint

  Radioulnar
• Example of cartilaginous joint


  Found between most vertabrea
• Example of irregular bone

  Spinal column due to complex shape
• How does change in viscosity help the body during exercise?Decreased viscosity = increased range of movement
• How does change in viscosity help the body during exercise?


  Decreased viscosity = Increased range of movement and decreases friction
• Age on the skeletal system

  Young children should avoid resistance training as may damage growth plates and stunt growth
• Body's response to weight bearing exercise

  increased mineral uptake + Increased tensile strength
• Preventing arthritis


  Exercise produce synovial fluid which contains minerals. Will reduce friction and improve flexibility
• Preventing osteoporosis


  Resistance training = increased mineral uptake
• Increased mineral uptake


  Calcium strengthens bones and increases bone mineral density
• More synovial fluid (A)


  Joints lubricated to support increased demands on bones from exercise
• Functions of the skeleton during exercise

  1. Support
• Major bones of the arm?

  Humerus, ulna, radius
• Postural deviations?


  Kyphosis and scoliosis
• Parts of bone growth

  Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, epiphyseal plates